The word "theory" has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on the context and their methodologies. In common usage, people use the word "theory" to signify "conjecture", "speculation", or "opinion." In this sense, "theories" are opposed to "facts" — parts of the world, or claims about the world, that are real or true regardless of what people think.
In science, a theory is a proposed description, explanation, or model of the manner of interaction of a set of natural phenomena, capable of predicting future occurrences or observations of the same kind, and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise falsified through empirical observation. It follows from this that for scientists "theory" and "fact" do not necessarily stand in opposition. For example, it is a fact that an apple dropped on earth has been observed to fall towards the center of the planet, and the theory which explains why the apple behaves so is the current theory of gravitation.
More on [ Theory ]
Political Philosophy :: Political Science
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich :: H
Marxism :: Socialism

by Albert Einstein - An indictment of capitalism by Time magazine's Man of the Century.
Meta Description: [ Labnet: Work in Progress on Biographical Dictionary Comintern ]
Abram Leon: The Jewish Question - A Marxist Interpretation (1946) - An influential work by the Belgian-Jewish Trotskyist published in 1946.
Meta Description: [ Abram Leon: The Jewish Question - A Marxist Interpretation (1946) ]
archive: the left side of the brain is bigger - A constantly growing collection of writings by left-wing thinkers: Sartre, Einstein, Orwell, Gandhi, Naomi Klein, Pinter, Picasso, Marx, Gore Vidal, Oscar Wilde, GB Shaw, Beauvoir, Martin Luther King, Alice Walker and others.
Meta Description: [ A collection of left-wing writings by well-known
figures. Including Beauvoir, Chomsky, Coleridge, Darwin, Dickens, Einstein, Fourier,
Gandhi, Goldman, Gramsci, Aldous Huxley, Kafka, Helen Keller, Naomi Klein, Luxemburg,
Mandela, Bob Marley, Marx, More, Lennon, Orwell, Picasso, Pinter, Proudhon, R... ]
British Labour Party Election Manifesto, 1945 - Let Us Face the Future: A Declaration of Labour Policy for the Consideration of the Nation. Full text of the manifesto on which Labour was elected in 1945, under which they instituted the welfare state in Britain.
Meta Description: [ The full text of all Labour Party manifestos from 1900 to the present. ]
CapitAllism - Calls for a cap on personal incomes as a solution to inequity.
Meta Description: [ * CAPitALLism Manifesto * An Exposition to Cap Oppositions ]
Chen Duxiu and the Trotskyists - Zheng Chaolin's memoirs written in 1945 documenting the story of Chen Duxiu, founder of the Chinese Communist Party, leader of the May 4th Movement and supporter of Leon Trotsky.
Economic Socialism - A text by Henry Sidgwick which examines socialist economics, originally published in 1886 in The Contemporary Review.
Erfurt Program, 1891 - Radical program adopted by the German Social Democratic Party in 1891 which signified the party's adoption of Marxism.
Evolutionary Socialism - Excerpts from Eduard Bernstein's revisions of Marxism which established modern social democracy.
Fundamental Principles of Communist Production and Distribution - Treatise from the Independent Group of Communists in Holland, 1930.
Global Document Index - A series of documents from various Trotskyist groups and tendencies.
Guild Socialism Reconsidered - An essay by Roger McCain examining the guild socialism of the pre-industrial era.
International Socialist Group - Discussion Document - A 1994 document from the shortlived ISG which was formed by individuals expelled from the (British) Socialist Workers Party. Document crtiques the SWP's internal regime and its politics.
Manifesto of the Communist Party - Online text from Literature Project.
Meta Description: [ Hypertext and eBooks for MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY ]
Marxist.net - Marxist discussion and analytical resource material to guide the building of the revolutionary party and the socialist revolution. From the Committee for a Workers' International (CWI)
Meta Description: [ Marxist discussion and analysis resource material to assist in the building
of mass socialist parties with clear marxist leadership and the achievement of the socialist revolution ]
Marxists Internet Archive - The most complete database of Marxism hitherto made. The archive is divided into three major sections: Marxist writers, Marxist history, and reference materials. Marxist writers has information on Marxists from Karl Marx and Frederick Engels to Che Guevara to Vladimir Lenin to Rosa Luxemburg.
Meta Description: [ The most complete library of Marxism with content in over 40 languages and the works of over 400 authors readily accesible by archive, sujbect, or history. ]
Prout World - Site concerning the Progressive Utilization Theory, Prout a neo-humanist system addressing the socio-economics of liberation. This seems to be a utopian socialist theory based on eastern religious principles.
Meta Description: [ Ideology of and features on holistic, value-oriented socio-economics promoting economic democracy, cultural renaissance, and integrated view on human character, embodied by world-wide activist movement Proutist Universal. ]
Regina Manifesto - 1933 founding document of Canada's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (now the NDP).
Socialism Web - An explanation and defence of socialism from an independent socialist.
Socialism: Theory and Practice - Information about the different schools of socialist thought and socialist history. Includes quotes, pictures, resources library, links.
Meta Description: [ Covers the different schools of socialist thought including Marxism, Fabianism, Communism, Leninism, Trotskyism, Anarchism, Stalinism, Utopianism, and etc. ]
404
The Communist Manifesto - The basic tract of the Marxist movement, written by Marx and Engels in 1848.
Meta Description: [ Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party ]
The Communist Manifesto - The text that serves as the beginning of the communist movement
The Fight For Socialism - Programme of the Workers' Party (1946). The WP was a Third Camp split from the Socialist Workers Party. It was led by Max Shachtman.
Meta Description: [ Max Shachtman: The Fight For Socialism - The Principles and Program of the Workers Party (1946) ]
The Genesis of Trotskyism - Written in 1933, this pamphlet by Max Schachtman explains the development of Trotskyism and the International Left Opposition from the point of view of a leader of the American movement.
Meta Description: [ Max Shachtman: Genesis of Trotskyism (November 1933) ]
The Gotha Program (1871) - Excerpts from the founding manifesto of the German Social Democratic Party
The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius - Online version of George Orwell's 1941 work. The non-fiction work is in three parts, England Your England, Shopkeepers at War, and The English Revolution.
Meta Description: [ The page where you can choose your language - top page of George Orwell's booklet 'The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius' - Dag's Orwell Project ]
The Port Huron Statement - Written in 1962 and adopted by Students for a Democratic Society, the Port Huron Statement is considered to be a seminal document of the New Left.
The State and Revolution - The Marxist theory of the state and the tasks of the proletariat in the revolution by Lenin.
Meta Description: [ The Marxist theory of the state
and the tasks of the proletariat in the revolution ]
The SWP vs. Lenin: Bureaucratic Centralism or Democratic Centralism? - Document produced by a dissident group expelled from Socialist Workers Party in Britain in 1994 criticizing the SWP's internal regime. The SWP leads the International Socialist tendency and is best known for publishing the newspaper Socialist Worker.
The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution - Formal title is the Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International, written by Leon Trotsky this was the founding programme for the Fourth International and remains a guiding document for Trotskyists.
Meta Description: [ See HTML for description ]
Towards a New Socialism - Polemic against market socialism by W. Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell.
Meta Description: [ homepage for Towards a New Socialism, by W. Paul Cockshott
and Allin Cottrell ]
What is Dhammic Socialism? - Socialism examined from a Buddhist perspective.
What is to be Done? - In which Lenin outlines the concept of the vanguard revolutionary party run according to the principles of democratic centralism.
Meta Description: [ What Is To Be Done? ]
Why Did a Socialist Revolution not Occur in the United States? - An examination of why American society, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was remarkably free of socialist influence. Written by Dov Ben-Shimon.
Working Class Movement Library - A collection of materials concerned with the activities, expression and enquiries of the labor movement, its allies and its enemies, since the late eighteenth century.
Meta Description: [ The library, based in Salford, Greater Manchester, UK, is open to everyone. It houses books, journals, pamphlets, archives and artefacts about labour movement activities since the late 1700s ]
| What is multiple intelligence theory? | |
| Next Video | |