Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396–314 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scholarch or rector of the Academy from 339 to 314 BC.

Moving to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of Aeschines Socraticus, but presently joined himself to Plato, whom he attended to Sicily in 361. Upon his master's death, he paid a visit with Aristotle to Hermias at Atarneus. In 339, Xenocrates succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school, defeating his competitors Menedemus and Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes. On three occasions he was member of an Athenian legation, once to Philip, twice to Antipater.

Xenocrates resented the Macedonian influence then dominant at Athens. Soon after the death of Demosthenes (fl 322), Xenocrates declined the citizenship offered to him at the instance of Phocion, and, being unable to pay the tax levied upon resident aliens, he was sold, or on the point of being sold, into slavery. He died in 314, and was succeeded as scholarch by Polemon, whom he had reclaimed from a life of profligacy. Besides Polemon, the statesman Phocion, Chaeron (tyrant of Pellene), the academic Crantor, the Stoic Zeno and Epicurus are said to have frequented his lectures.

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