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Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Espinosa or Bento d'Espiñoza in his native Amsterdam, was a Jewish-Dutch philosopher. He is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy and, by virtue of his magnum opus the Ethics, one of the definitive ethicists. His writings, like those of his fellow rationalists, reveal considerable mathematical training and facility. Spinoza was a lens crafter by trade, an exciting engineering field at the time because of great discoveries being made by telescopes. The full impact of his work only took effect some time after his death and after the publication of his Opera Posthuma. He is now seen as having prepared the way for the 18th century Enlightenment, and as a founder of modern biblical criticism. Gilles Deleuze referred to Spinoza as "The absolute philosopher, whose Ethics is the foremost book on concepts". (Deleuze, 1990.)
Life
Following their expulsion from Spain during the Inquisition, many Jews sought refuge in Portugal, only to be instructed to accept Christianity or be banished. Spinoza's parents were arrested, then fled to the Netherlands. Spinoza was born to this family of Sephardic Jews, among the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam. He had an orthodox Jewish upbringing; however, his critical, curious nature would soon come into conflict with the Jewish community. He initially gained infamy for his positions of pantheism and neutral monism, as well as the fact that his Ethics was written in the form of postulates and definitions, as though it were a geometry treatise. Also, his Theologico-Political Treatise was highly critical of orthodox readings of the Torah and challenged the idea that Jews were a chosen people. In the summer of 1656, he was issued the writ of cherem, or excommunicated because of apostasy from the Jewish community for his claims that God is the mechanism of nature and the universe, having no personality, and that the Bible is a metaphorical and allegorical work used to teach the nature of God, both of which were based on a form of Cartesianism (see René Descartes). Following his excommunication, he adopted the first name Benedictus (the Latin equivalent of his given name, Baruch). The terms of his excommunication were quite severe; see Kasher and Biderman (19nn); it was never revoked.
Spinoza was reticent to discuss his excommunication with others. He maintained he left Amsterdam because an attacker had tried to stab him but instead put a hole in his coat. This is a contested viewpoint since an attacker did scar Spinoza's face with a dagger, sometime after his excommunication. Spinoza, a pacifist, handled the ordeal badly at first. His shock remained with him for several months.
After his excommunication, he lived and worked for a while in the school of Franciscus van den Enden, who taught him Latin and may have introduced him to modern philosophy. During this period Spinoza also became acquainted with several Collegiants, members of a non-dogmatic and interdenominational sect with tendencies towards Rationalism. Spinoza was also in contact with Peter Serrarius, a radical Protestant merchant with whom he corresponded. Serrarius is also thought to have been a patron of Spinoza at one point also. By the beginning of the 1660s Spinoza's name became more widely known, and eventually Leibniz and Henry Oldenburg paid him visits. He corresponded with the latter for the rest of his life. Spinoza's first publication was his Tractatus de intellectus emendatione. In 1665 he notified Oldenburg that he had started to work on a new book, the Theologico-Political Treatise, published in 1670.
More on [ Baruch Spinoza ]
Early Modern :: History of Philosophy
Metaphysics :: Philosophy
What everyone wants from life is continuous and genuine happiness. -- Baruch Spinoza
Erfolgs_Berater (Finanzberatung) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 17:17:17 -0000
What everyone wants from life is continuous and genuine happiness. -- Baruch Spinoza
Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice. - Baruch Spinoza
ad1810 (Papin) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 16:10:52 -0000
Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice. - Baruch Spinoza
"You don't know what a body can" Baruch Spinoza. Nuff said.
semioticmonkey (semioticmonkey) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 13:35:03 -0000
"You don't know what a body can" Baruch Spinoza. Nuff said.
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bunkakei_bot (bunkakei_bot) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 10:38:34 -0000
バールーフ・デ・スピノザ（エスピノーザ）（Baruch De Spinoza, 1632年11月24日 - 1677年2月21日）はオランダの哲学者、神学者。ヘブライ語名は「祝福された」の意。一般には、そのラテン語化ベネディクトゥス・... http://bit.ly/Nqkqz
Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice-Baruch Spinoza #quote
wadecrptrng (Wade Lawrence Hess) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 08:44:54 -0000
Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice-Baruch Spinoza #quote
Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice. -Baruch Spinoza #quo..
Twuoted (@montanaflynn) Tue, 15 Dec 2009 07:28:24 -0000
Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice. -Baruch Spinoza #quo..
A Dedication to Spinoza's Insights - Joseph B. Yesselman's tribute to Spinoza as an intellectual source of human joy, love, and peace of mind. Includes links to online Spinoza texts and bibliography.
Meta Description: [ Electronic Text and Commentary on Baruch Spinoza's The Ethics, On the Improvement of Human Understanding, Theologico-Political Treatise, and Political Treatise. ]
A Spinoza Chronology - A chronology of historical events pertaining to Spinoza's life, philosophy, and cultural situation.
Baruch Spinoza - Critical entry on Spinoza by Kelley L. Ross. Part of the project of the Friesian School.
Baruch Spinoza - Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Steven Nadler.
Baruch Spinoza - LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia entry on Spinoza.
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Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) - Miles Hodges' overview of Spinoza's life, philosophy, and legacy.
Baruch Spinoza: encyclopedia article from Wikipedia - Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza entry at Wikipedia, a web-based encyclopedia.
Benedict de Spinoza and Spinozism - Portal devoted to the Dutch philosopher. Includes numerous links to texts, studies, and bibliographies.
Meta Description: [ Devoted to the doctrine of the Dutch philosopher and rationalist. Includes an examination of Spinoza's ethics, correspondence, and criticism. Numerous links to texts, studies, and bibliographies. ]
Cooley Science Library's Spinoza Webliography - Links to websites with Spinoza content.
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Divorcing Power and Reason: Spinoza and the Founding of Modern Law - Article by Benoit Frydman. Links to symposium article (as PDF document) first published in the Cardozo Law Review, vol. 25, 2003.
Garth Kemerling's Philosophy Pages: Spinoza - A brief discussion of the life and works of Baruch Spinoza, with links to electronic texts and additional information.
Meta Description: [ A brief discussion of the life and works of Baruch Spinoza, with links to electronic texts and additional information. ]
Great Books Index: Spinoza - An index to online editions (HTML and text versions) of Spinoza's four main works.
Meta Description: [ Spinoza - Great Books Index. ]
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Baruch Spinoza - Entry on Spinoza, with biography and main elements of his philosophical thought.
Monism in Spinoza's and Husserl's Thought - Wolfgang Schirmacher's analysis of the body-soul problem from the ontological standpoint of Spinoza and Husserl.
Meta Description: [ Wolfgang Schirmacher's faculty page at European Graduate School. Eminent visionaries and philosophers of the media world teach communication from a cross-disciplinary perspective at the EGS in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. ]
Spinoza according to Duff - Contains excerpts from Spinoza's Political and Ethical Philosophy, by Robert A. Duff, Glasgow 1903 (reprinted 1970). Part of an Advayavada Buddhism web presence.
Meta Description: [ Duff about Spinoza excerpts page of the Advayavada Buddhism Information Center - Amsterdam ]
Spinoza Bibliography - Multilanguage bibliography lists literature by and regarding Baruch Spinoza up to 2001.
Spinoza in the Catholic Encyclopedia - Benedict Spinoza entry in the online version of the Catholic Encyclopedia.
Meta Description: [ Belonged to a family of Jewish merchants of moderate means, and was originally called Baruch. Born at Amsterdam, 24 Nov., 1632; died at The Hague, 21 Feb., 1677 ]
Spinoza Institute - The Spinoza Institute hosts a number of selected research programs and aims to stimulate research in physics from a unifying perspective. Founded in 1998 at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, the Institute is named after scientist and rationalist philosopher Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677).
Spinoza Society of Japan - Contents of society publication and Web-resources for Spinozists, including a hyper-linked index to online photocopies of the entire original, Latin editions.
Studia Spinoziana - A Spinoza site with links to studies, translations, and other pertinent 17th century figures.
The First Modern Pantheist: Spinoza - Outline of pantheism in Spinoza's philosophy.
Meta Description: [ Outline of Spinoza's pantheistic
philosophy. ]
The Philosophy of Benedict Spinoza - A short, robust analytical essay on Spinoza's philosophy and influence. A Radical Academy entry in its Classic Philosopher series.
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The Philosophy of Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677) - Latin versions of selected works by Spinoza, edited by Rudolph W. Meijer, in web-enabled format. Site also includes a split-frame presentation of Spinoza's works in Latin and English or French, and other specialized projects.
Meta Description: [ The Philosophy of Benedictus de Spinoza ]
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The Spinoza Net - A large site dedicated to promoting research, knowledge, and discussions about the works, reception, and contributions of Baruch Spinoza.
Meta Description: [ Baruch Spinoza, Benedict Spinoza, Benedict deEspinosa, The Spinoza Net, Philosophy, Ethics, Political, Theological, Treatise, Human Understanding, Amsterdam, Holland, Jewish Philosophy, Rationalist, Humanist, Secular, Tim Bagwell ]
The Window: Baruch Spinoza - A short biography of the Dutch philosopher. Part of The Window, a clearinghouse for philosophy on the Web.
Meta Description: [ The Window -- Philsophy on the WWW. Philosophers Section ]
US Regional Spinoza Association - Regional Spinoza Association in the United States.
Web Sites on Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza - Short directory of web resources on Spinoza. A project of the Philosophy Department at Gustavus Adolphus College.
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