The philosophical concept of causality, the principles of causes, or causation, the working of causes, refers to the set of all particular "causal" or "cause-and-effect" relations. A neutral definition is notoriously hard to provide since every aspect of causation has received substantial debate. Most generally, causation is a relationship that holds between events, objects, variables, or states of affairs. Causality presumes that all those things must have at least one cause, factor, or reason. It is also usually presumed that the cause chronologically precedes the effect. Finally, the existence of a causal relationship generally suggests that - all other things being equal - if the cause occurs the effect will as well (or at least the probability of the effect occurring will increase).
In natural languages, causal relationships can be expressed by the following causative expressions: i) a set of causative verbs make, create, do, effect, produce, occasion, perform, determine, influence; construct, compose, constitute; provoke, motivate, force, facilitate, induce, get, stimulate; begin, commence, initiate, institute, originate, start; prevent, keep, restrain, preclude, forbid, stop, cease; ii) a set of causative names agent, author, creator, designer, former, originator; antecedent, causality, causation, condition, fountain, occasion, origin, power, precedent, reason, source, spring; reason, grounds, motive, need, impulse; iii) a set of effective names creation, development, effect, end, event, fruit, impact, influence, issue, outcome, outgrowth, product, result, upshot. Causality is the centerpiece of the universe and so the main subject of ontology; for comprehending the nature, meaning, kinds, varieties, and ordering of cause and effect amounts to knowing the beginnings and endings of things, to uncovering the implicit mechanisms of world dynamics, or to having the fundamental scientific knowledge.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Causal Processes - Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Counterfactual Theories of Causation - Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Probabilistic Causation - Designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Causation - Survey of theories of causal relata; by Jonathan Schaffer.
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