submit urlsubmit rss feedadd directory

article

For the Public Image Ltd album called "Compact Disc" on certain editions, see Album (album).

A Compact Disc (or CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. The CD, introduced in 1982, is the standard playback format for commercial audio recordings as of mid-2006. An audio compact disc consists of one or more stereo tracks stored using 16-bit PCM coding at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. Standard compact discs have a diameter of 120 mm or 80 mm. The 120 mm discs can hold approximately 80 minutes of audio. The 80 mm discs, sometimes used for CD singles, hold approximately 20 minutes of audio. Compact disc technology was later adapted for use as a data storage device, known as a CD-ROM, and to include record-once and re-writable media (CD-R and CD-RW). CD-ROMs and CD-Rs remain widely used technologies in the personal-computer industry as of 2006. The CD and its extensions have been extremely successful: in 2004, the annual worldwide sales of CD-Audio, CD-ROM, and CD-R reached about 30 billion discs.

History


In the early 1970s, using video Laserdisc technology, Philips' researchers started experiments with "audio-only" optical discs, initially with wideband frequency modulation FM and later with digitized PCM audio signals. The compact disc was thus developed by Philips from its own 12 inch Philips LaserVision discs. At the end of the 1970s, Philips, Sony, and other companies presented prototypes of digital audio discs.

More on [ Compact Disc ]


directory of related categories

 
directory of related sites

'No More Music CDs Without Copy Protection,' Claims BMG Unit - BMG is at it again, this time apparently set on applying copy protection to all its music products. By John Lettice. [Register]

Another Class Action Over Crippled Music Disks - News brief and reader discussion. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ Another Class Action Over Crippled Music Disks -- article related to The Courts. ]

AOL Seeks Manager for Anti-Copying Push - AOL Time Warner is beginning efforts to add copy protection to CDs, underscoring the company's desire to limit unsanctioned digital distribution of its musical works. By Jim Hu. [CNet]
Meta Description: [ AOL searches for copy-protection leader | The media giant seeks a manager for its copy-protection efforts as it works to create a standard and develop a player that will prevent illegal copying of CDs. | March 12, 2002, 12:50 PM PT | Jim Hu ]

Big Five Labels Sued Over Copy-Protected CDs - Heightening the tension surrounding the music industry's efforts to guard its content in the digital realm, the five major record labels were hit with a class action lawsuit last week for producing and distributing CDs with copyright protection controls. By Scarlet Pruitt. [IDG]
Meta Description: [ Heightening the tension surrounding the music industry's efforts to guard its content in the digital realm, the five major record labels were hit with a class action lawsuit last week for producing and distributing CDs with copyright protection controls. ]

BMG Backs Down Over Copy-Protected CD - Virgin Megastores has responded to a complaint from one of their customers and said that BMG has set up a helpline to allow people who bought the corrupt version, to exchange it for a real one. Virgin and HMV will also be bringing in new stock of uncorrupted CDs. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ BMG Backs Down Over Copy-Protected CD -- article related to Music and Your Rights Online. ]

BMG Stops Producing CDs - The Register has a new story about claims by Bertelsmann that they'll stop manufacturing uncrippled audio CDs. News and reader comments. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ BMG Stops Producing CDs -- article related to Music. ]

BMG to Replace Anti-rip Natalie Imbruglia CDs - Bertelsmann Music Group has had to back down on plans to force anti-rip technologies on British CD buyers. By Tony Smith. [Register]

Cactus CD Copy Protection is Launched This Month - To thwart file swappers, Universal Music Group executives have said they want to protect a large proportion of their new releases as early as midyear. News and reader discussion. [kuro5hin]

404 CD Freaks: SafeAudio Explained and Should We Fear It? - How Macrovision's SafeAudio works and how to bypass it.
Meta Description: [ Read SafeAudio explained and should we fear it ? [1/3] on CD Freaks.com and be sure to read the rest of SafeAudio explained and should we fear it ? on the CD Freaks.com website as well ]

CD Technology Stops Copies, But It Starts a Controversy - The recording industry has begun selling music CD's designed to make it impossible for people to copy music to their computers, trade songs over the Internet or transfer them to portable MP3 players. By Amy Harmon. [New York Times]

CNet: Protected CDs Quietly Slip into Stores - Consumers in ordinary record stores are unwittingly buying CDs that include technology designed to discourage the making of digital copies.
Meta Description: [ Protected CDs quietly slip into stores | Consumers in ordinary record stores are unwittingly buying CDs that include technology designed to discourage the making of digital copies. | July 18, 2001, 1:15 PM PT | John Borland ]

Consumer Claims Victory in CD Lawsuit - Makers of a recording by country-pop singer Charley Pride have agreed to stop tracking most listener habits and to warn consumers that the CD is not compatible with MP3 and other players, according to attorneys for a woman who sued the companies. By Lisa Bowman. [CNet]
Meta Description: [ Consumer claims victory in CD lawsuit | Makers of a Charley Pride CD have agreed to stop tracking most listener habits and to warn consumers that the CD won't work in MP3 and other players, the plaintiff's attorneys say. | February 22, 2002, 8:55 AM PT | Lisa M. Bowman ]

Consumers in Crossfire of Labels' War on Piracy - The downside of copy-protected music CDs? Some won't play when consumers get them home. By Aaron Pressman. [Christian Science Monitor]
Meta Description: [ The downside of copy-protected music CDs? Some won't play when consumers get them home. ]

Copy Protection on CDs is 'Worthless' - The technology built into some CDs to stop people copying them is futile, according to a computer scientist who has put today's antipiracy systems under the microscope. By Barry Fox. [New Scientist]
Meta Description: [ Modifications to CD player software, likely to be part of routine upgrades, will permanently undermine copy protection, says scientist ]

Copy Protection On CDs Is 'Worthless' - Reader comments on New Scientist article. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ Copy Protection On CDs Is 'Worthless' -- article related to Music. ]

Copy-Protected CDs a Nightmare for BMG Germany - Blaming a falloff in CD sales on the popularity of CD burners, BMG Germany recently issued approximately 100,000 copy-protected discs in an attempt to thwart the problem--and had to take a substantial portion of them back because consumers said the discs wouldn't perform in car players and in some home audio systems. By Barry Willis. [Stereophile]

Customers Put Kibosh on Anti-Copy CD - Complaints about anti-copying technology on Natalie Imbruglia's latest CD force her record label to issue replacements for angry consumers. By John Borland. [CNet]
Meta Description: [ Customers put kibosh on anti-copy CD | Complaints about anti-copying technology on Natalie Imbruglia's latest CD force her record label to issue replacements for angry consumers. | November 19, 2001, 1:20 PM PT | John Borland ]

Experiment - The music industry is now testing different copy protection systems on mass market chart CDs, with copies of NSync's Celebrity on the Zomba label being sold in at least three different versions.
Meta Description: [ The music industry is testing different copy protection systems on mass market chart CDs ]

Felt Tip Marker Defeats Copy-Protected CDs - News and reader discussion. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ Felt Tip Marker Defeats Copy-Protected CDs -- article related to News. ]

Geek.com: Audio CD Copy Protection - The first copy-protected audio CD in the US will be released in April. The CD is a tribute to country singer Jim Reeves performed by Charley Pride.
Meta Description: [ Geek.com Geek News - Audio CD copy protection, the online technology resource for geeks ]

Hey, Big Five - Copyright This! - A class action lawsuit has been filed against the five major record labels for manufacturing and distributing defective or dysfunctional compact discs. News and reader discussion. [Plastic]

kuro5hin: New Scientist: SafeDisc Can Cause Damage to Speakers - New Scientist reports that the new anti-piracy feature on audio CDs, has the potential to damage loudspeakers by introducing square waves into the amplified signal. News and reader comments.

Lawsuit Challenges Copy-protected CDs - Reader discussion of Reuters article. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ Lawsuit Challenges Copy-protected CDs -- article related to Music. ]

Lawsuit Challenges Copy-Protected CDs - The five major record companies have been hit with a class-action lawsuit charging that new CDs designed to thwart Napster-style piracy are defective and should either be barred from sale or carry warning labels. [Reuters]
Meta Description: [ Lawsuit challenges copy-protected CDs | The five major record labels are hit with a lawsuit charging that new CDs designed to thwart piracy are defective and should either be barred from sale or carry warning labels. | June 16, 2002, 11:30 AM PT | Reuters ]

Metafilter - Community weblog discussing protected and corrupted audio cd's.

More Copy Protected CDs? - Fat Chuck's maintains a list of corrupt CDs. Reader comments and discussion. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ More Copy Protected CDs? -- article related to Your Rights Online and Technology. ]

New CD Protection Won't Play on PCs - Israeli security company Midbar Tech is releasing 1 million copy-protected CDs in Japan as part of an aggressive push by record labels to curtail digital piracy. By Gwendolyn Mariano. [ZDNet]
Meta Description: [ Security company Midbar Tech is releasing 1 million Japanese CDs with its Cactus Data Shield copy protection on certain tracks that will prevent them from being played on a PC. ]

New Scientist Correction - Retraction of article saying Cactus DataShield could damage speakers. Midbar... has asked us to make clear that there is nothing in its technology on the market, past, current or future, that could, or would, be potentially damaging to equipment.

New Scientist: Anti-piracy CD System Raises Distortion Fear - The first CD title has already sold 100,000 copies, but it is causing concern among audio experts because they fear that the music may be audibly distorted.
Meta Description: [ A controversial method of stopping music copyright theft makes its debut in California ]

New Scientist: New CD Anti-Piracy System Could Damage Loudspeakers - It is called the Cactus Data Shield, and it is designed to add noisy garbage to all copied CDs. The trouble is, it could also damage the hi-fi and loudspeakers of people who play pirated CDs.

NewOlde.com - How to Detect and Avoid Copy-Controlled CDs - Information for classical music listeners to help them identify Copy-Controlled CDs, including the graphics that appear on the packaging.
Meta Description: [ Details about detecting EMI and Virgin Copy Controlled CDs (CCCDs), which are inherently defective products that should be avoided ]

Philips Burning on Protection - Officials for Netherlands-based Philips, which licenses the compact disc logo for both discs and players, went on a tirade against the recording industry for shipping discs with deliberate errors burned into them. By Paul Boutin. [Wired]
Meta Description: [ Get in-depth politics and legal news coverage including online privacy, Internet security, government regulations, censorship and free speech from Wired.com. ]

Philips: Don't Mess with the CD! - According to Philips, recent attempts to add playback restriction technology to new releases is not just a bad idea: Because the Red Book recipe has been altered, the discs no longer qualify as CDs and should be labeled clearly. By Jon Iverson. [Stereophile]

Post-it Notes vs. Copy-Inhibited CDs - News about Celine Dion CDs killing iMacs and black markers or sticky notes defeating some copy-protection schemes. Reader discussion. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ Post-it Notes vs. Copy-Inhibited CDs -- article related to Music. ]

Record Labels Beware - Study suggests that, if the music industry wants to experiment with selling copy-protected CDs, there [must] be mandatory warning labels on the CDs or the industry risks seriously alienating consumers. By Jon Iverson. [Stereophile]

Register: CD Anti-piracy System Can Nuke Hi-fi Kit - Sony's Music Entertainment division has been testing an anti-piracy technology that at best renders illegally copied CDs unlistenable and at worse blows listeners' speakers. By Tony Smith.

Register: 'Hi-fi Nuking' CD Technology Safe Claims Developer - Skeptical report on New Scientist's retraction of its warning that Cactus could damage speakers playing copied CDs. By Tony Smith.

Register: 1M Anti-piracy Hi-fi Nuking CDs Hit Europe - One million CDs have been released in Europe which are protected by the controversial anti-piracy system Cactus Data Shield... The Cactus Data Shield system is controversial because the technology could blow your hi-fi speakers. By Robert Blincoe.

Register: Anti-rip CD System Bypassed - Macrovision's SafeAudio technology, designed to prevent PC-owning music fans from ripping CD tracks onto their hard drives, has been bypassed. By Tony Smith.

Register: Music Biz Patents Anti-rip Encryption Technology - Details of the method appear in a patent filed by IFPI. The patent, GB2357165, centres on encrypting the track time codes stamped onto every music disc. By Tony Smith.

Register: Old Code Defeats New CD Anti-ripping Technologies - Macrovision's SafeAudio and Midbar's Cactus - both new technologies designed to prevent CDs from being copied successfully - may have been defeated by software released over two years ago. By Tony Smith.

Register: UK Campaigners Call for Anti 'Anti-rip' CD Day of Action - Campaigners will take to the streets of Britain this Saturday (6 October) in a bid to raise public awareness of the music industry's attempts to prevent listeners from copying CDs or playing discs on PCs. By Tony Smith.

Register: US Record Label Sued over Anti-rip CD Technology - An unnamed Californian woman has sued US country music record label Fahrenheit Entertainment for allegedly misleading its customers by shipping CDs protected with an anti-rip mechanism. By Tony Smith.

Selling the Benefits - If DVD-A and/or SACD are to supplant CD, not only do their features have to be transformed into benefits, but the benefits consumers currently enjoy with CD need to be preserved. By John Atkinson. [Stereophile]

Slashdot -Stations Can't Play Crippled Music Disks - Reader comments on The Age article reporting that some radio stations are unable to play copy-protected CDs.
Meta Description: [ Stations Can't Play Crippled Music Disks -- article related to Music, Media, and Your Rights Online. ]

Slashdot: BMG's New Copy-Protected Audio CDs - BMG-Entertainment started selling audio-CDs using the Cactus Data Shield, a copy-protection system developed by Midbar and Sonopress which makes it impossible to grab the music from the CD and to listen to it using 'an old CD-Player' or a CD-ROM-drive. News and reader comments.
Meta Description: [ BMG's New Copy-Protected Audio CDs -- article related to Music. ]

Slashdot: NSync Copy Protected CD - NSync's new CD will be released in a least 3 different versions (with different copy protection techniques). News and reader comments.
Meta Description: [ NSync Copy Protected CD -- article related to News. ]

Sony Intentionally Crashes Customers' Computers - Celine Dion's latest CD will not play in computer drives. In fact: 'Should the consumer try to play Dion's CD on a PC or Macintosh, the computer likely will crash.' News and reader discussion. [Slashdot]
Meta Description: [ Sony Intentionally Crashes Customers' Computers -- article related to Music. ]

SoundHub: Universal Rolls Out CD Copy Protection - Universal Music Group has recently announced its October plans for issuing CDs which will include software that prevents them from being ripped and encoded to a user's PC.

Special Report: Copy-Protected CDs - How the labels are trying to stop you. [Rolling Stone]
Meta Description: [ %categorydesc% ]

The Age - Copy Protected CDs: Artists Can Be the Losers - Article pointing out that music companies which use copy protection may be denying the artists under contract to them legitimate play time on radio stations.
Meta Description: [ Music companies which use copy protection may be denying the artists under contract to them legitimate play time on radio stations, if the happenings at one outfit are any indication. - The Age ]

The Register - Congressman Assails CD Copy Protection - Copy protection tracks implanted in CDs are a violation of the right to fair use of purchased music, writes a US Representative to recording industry lobbyists.

Wired: Copy-Protected CDs Taken Back - [BMG Germany] was faced with a backlash from consumers complaining that some of the copy-protected CDs were unplayable.
Meta Description: [ Get the latest in science news, including space, physics, planet earth, discoveries, NASA, satellites, and space travel from Wired.com ]

Corrupted_Audio_CDs related videos
Obama Bombshell Redistribution of Wealth Audio Uncovered
Next Video
Corrupted_Audio_CDs related videos

 

HOMEADVERTISINGABOUT US

articlesartsbusinesscomputersgameshealthhospitalshomekids & teensnewsmobilephysiciansrecreationreferenceregionalscienceshoppingsocietysportsworld


Submit a Site About Become an Editor