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A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") for other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflict, lack of opportunity and/or health hazards where they are living. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital which is no longer invested in the country where its owner lives and earned it. Investment in higher education is lost when the trained individual leaves, usually not to return. Also whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by their departure. Spokesmen for the Royal Society of London first coined the expression “brain drain” to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to the United States and Canada in the early 1950s.
History
Historically, the greatest brain drains have been from rural to urban areas. In the 19th century and 20th century there were great migrations to North America from Europe, and in modern times, from developing nations to developed nations, especially after colonialism. Sometimes such drains occur between developed nations, e.g. from Canada to the United States especially in the finance, software, aerospace, healthcare and entertainment industries due to higher wages and lower taxes. Only in recent years this trend seems to be slowing and even reversing with many Canadians returning home to work.
Nazism and the United States Brain Gain
The rise of the Nazis led to a great number of European scientists (many of whom either Jewish or were opposed to Nazism) to flee to the United States. European scientists played a large role in the success of the Manhattan project. Enrico Fermi, Albert Einstein and many other European scientists worked on this scientific project which had been pioneered in Germany. During the immediate post-war period, Operation Paperclip was used to capture many German rocket engineers such as Wernher von Braun. Wernher von Braun and other German engineers used their research on the V-2 as a starting point for the US missile program. Without Wernher von Braun, the United States missile program would have never been able to make such significant progress. Many other German aerospace engineers used aerospace technology developed in Germany to design missiles and aircraft. As an example, the delta wing was first pioneered on the Messerschmidt Komet would be used in the design of the US Space Shuttle Wing. More on [ Brain drain ]
Science and Technology Policy :: Science in Society
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Cameroon is reversing its scientific brain drain by boosting the salaries of university academics - http://bit.ly/7TqN3R
africagoodnews (Africa The Good News) Wed, 06 Jan 2010 11:12:55 -0000
Cameroon is reversing its scientific brain drain by boosting the salaries of university academics - http://bit.ly/7TqN3R
Anyone not working today? Why not download our Brain Drain quiz - there's still time: http://guysgift.co.uk/quiz/
GuysGiftCV89DA (Sue Smith) Wed, 06 Jan 2010 11:07:49 -0000
Anyone not working today? Why not download our Brain Drain quiz - there's still time: http://guysgift.co.uk/quiz/
Cameroon puts brain drain into reverse http://bit.ly/6cnnIT - Africa Good News
faithfulnews (Faithful News) Wed, 06 Jan 2010 11:07:36 -0000
Cameroon puts brain drain into reverse http://bit.ly/6cnnIT - Africa Good News
@MilaMunsterxoxo Let the brain drain away... !
KarenKayyy (Karen) Wed, 06 Jan 2010 10:00:30 -0000
@MilaMunsterxoxo Let the brain drain away... !
New Copy & Paste Article, Does Back Pain Lead To Brain Drain? - http://theblogcatalog.com/lr
theblogcatalog (Copy & Paste Blog) Wed, 06 Jan 2010 07:46:32 -0000
New Copy & Paste Article, Does Back Pain Lead To Brain Drain? - http://theblogcatalog.com/lr
Open gate, to men with brain... Bound to waste, flash and drain... Watching home burning, with disdain... Afro-immigrant @iamknaan
aster_wit (aster d) Wed, 06 Jan 2010 07:33:35 -0000
Open gate, to men with brain... Bound to waste, flash and drain... Watching home burning, with disdain... Afro-immigrant @iamknaan
Africa's Brain Drain - Interview published in Africa Journal exploring the issue of African students who study abroad and never return.
Meta Description: [ Philip Emeagwali helped give birth to the supercomputer,
the technology that gave rise to the Internet. ]
AlterNet: Creative Class War - Richard Florida argues in the Washington Monthly that the brain drain is being reversed as the creative class in the United States is being depleted.
Brain Drain - Historically, wars between nations, and later between people, have always been about land and its approriation. Now that the land is generally distributed, a new type of war has appeared, the war about technology and its control writes Shimon Perez.
Meta Description: [ The Swiss-List is a group of Swiss scientists and other highly
skilled professionals living in the San Francisco Bay Area. It
is aimed at fostering contacts between the communities involved
in science and technology in Switzerland and in the SF Bay Area. ]
Brain Drain Migration - Robin Cook examines possible solutions to stem the loss of doctors, scientists and engineers by underdeveloped countries and states suffering from economic crisis.
Brain Drain Pulling the Plug on Tech Development - Article by Peter Schroepfer in the Korean newspaper Chosunilbo (English Edition).
Meta Description: [ Up-to-date Daily English News About Korea, Service by The Digital Chosunilbo ]
Brain Drain Saps Former Soviet Union of Scientists, Alaska Science Forum - Article by science writer Ned Rozell.
Meta Description: [ Article about the role of science
in the former Soviet Union. ]
Brain drain? What brain drain? - Not all German scientists agree there's a problem with researchers abandoning Europe. Article in The Scientist by Ned Stafford.
How do we reverse the brain drain? - Keynote speech by Philip Emeagwali at the 2003 Pan African Conference. He promotes persuading multi-national companies of the profitability of moving their call centers to nations in Africa.
Meta Description: [ Philip Emeagwali ]
How extensive is the Brain Drain? - June 1999 report by William J. Carrington and Enrica Detragiache for the International Monetary Fund explores the brain drain and the countries affected by it.
Meta Description: [ By William J. Carrington and Enrica Detragiache - How extensive is the "brain drain," and which countries and regions are most strongly affected by it? This article estimates the extent of migration, by level of education, from developing countries to the United States and other OECD countries. ]
How to Plug Europe's Brain Drain - Article from Time Europe explores strategies to stop the brain drain of talent to the United States.
Meta Description: [ Europe's best and brightest scientific minds are leaving in droves for the U.S. and billions of euros and thousands of jobs are at stake. Here's how Europe is trying to lure them back ]
Perspective: Explaining the tech brain drain - Michael Kanellos says there's a reason U.S. high-tech companies are hiring an increasing number of engineers and other employees from overseas: In many cases, they are smarter than us.
Meta Description: [ Perspective: Explaining the tech brain drain | Michael Kanellos says there's a reason U.S. high-tech companies are hiring an increasing number of engineers and other employees from overseas: In many cases, they are smarter than us. | February 13, 2003, 4:00 AM PT | Michael Kanellos ]
Radiation science victim of brain drain - When academics boast a 100 per cent employment rate for graduates, you'd think they and their peers would find much to celebrate. Not so for medical radiation science professionals report the Sydney Morning Herald
Meta Description: [ When academics boast a 100 per cent employment rate for graduates, you'd think they and their peers would find much to celebrate. Not so for medical radiation science professionals. - The Sydney Morning Herald ]
Reverse Brain Drain - Layoffs in the telecom and technology sector exceeded 600,000 in 2001, precipitating a reverse brain drain. Edwin Rubenstein writes that many professionals in the high tech industry are now leaving the United States and returning to South Asia.
Meta Description: [ Layoffs in the telecom and technology sector exceeded 600,000 in 2001, precipitating a reverse brain drain. ]
Salon News | Brain drain - A bill that would give visas to high-tech foreign students will exploit the greatest minds of the third world for the sake of American industry.
Meta Description: [ A bill that would give visas to high-tech foreign students will exploit the greatest minds of the third world for the sake of American industry. ]
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The Bangalore Boom: From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation? - Anne Lee Saxenian examines the brain drain and attempts to reverse it in India.
The Reverse Brain Drain Project - Project to keep intellectual talent from leaving Thailand.
Weakening investment and increasing brain drain: two major threats to the European knowledge-based economy - European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin presented two new publications on Europe's position in research and innovation. The Key figures 2003-2004 for science, technology and innovation, and the Brain drain study - Emigration flows for qualified scientists display a bleak picture.
Meta Description: [ Weakening growth in investment and increasing brain drain: two major threats to the European knowledge-based economy ]
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