Liberty is generally considered a concept of political philosophy and identifies the condition in which an individual has immunity from the arbitrary exercise of authority. Political philosophies rooted in individualism and socialism often conceive of liberty differently; individualist and liberal conceptions of liberty relate to the freedom of the individual from outside compulsion; a socialist perspective, for example, equates liberty with equality, claiming that liberty without equality amounts to the domination of the most powerful. In his book, Two Concepts of Liberty, Isaiah Berlin framed the differences in these two perspectives as the distinction between two opposite concepts of liberty: positive liberty and negative liberty. The latter designates a negative condition in which an individual is protected from tyranny and the arbitrary exercise of authority, while the former implies the right to exercise civil rights, such as standing for office.
In political philosophies, Kant's philosophy and many postmodern philosophies, liberty is a metaphysical idea and often equated with freedom. In this perspective liberty is conceived as the attribute of the will of the rational subject, thus defining free will and voluntary actions.

Human Welfare: An International Review - An international review of books and other publications in the area of global human rights. Published at the Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver.
Meta Description: [ Human Rights & Human Welfare: An International Review of Books ]
8th Day Center for Social Justice - A multi-issue, social justice center supported and staffed by 30 congregations of nuns, priests and brothers which promotes analysis and action.
Meta Description: [ 8th Day Center envisions a world of right relationships where all creation is sacred and interconnected. With Christian faith, we work for structural change towards creation of a more just world. ]
Access Human Rights - A portal to human rights resources on the net, including news, government bodies, law, and treaties.
Anita Roddick - The founder of the Body Shop reports and comments on activism, ethical business, human rights and environmentalism in a global perspective.
Meta Description: [ Welcome to Anita Roddick.com. Get Informed, Get Outraged, Get Inspired, Get Active. ]
Artists for a New South Africa - ANSA is a non-profit organization founded and supported by artists, activists and others dedicated to furthering democracy and equality in South Africa and civil rights in the U.S.
Meta Description: [ ANSA, Ahmed Kathrada Memoirs ]
Bayefsky.com - Encompasses the full range of data concerning the application of the UN human rights treaty system by its monitoring treaty bodies since their inauguration.
Meta Description: [ Bayefsky.com emcompasses the full range of data concerning the application of the UN human rights treaty system by its monitoring treaty bodies since their inauguration. ]
Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change - A research center dedicated to advancing the understanding and pursuing the goals of the American civil rights movement.
Meta Description: [ The Benjamin L. Hooks Institute for Social Change at The University of Memphis is a research center supporting the University's urban research mission honoring Dr. Hooks' many years of leadership in the American civil rights movement. ]
Child Liberation - Information and perspectives on children's rights and child liberation.
Meta Description: [ Fighting for child liberation, it's time to recognize to the children every human being right ]
Civil Liberties - From About.com - Columns, link libraries, polls, and discussions about personal liberty issues.
Meta Description: [ Your one-stop resource on civil liberties issues. Includes a directory of other civil liberties sites on the web. ]
ColorQ Human Rights Corner - Features stories and links on worldwide human rights violations, particularly issues that receive little attention from the Western media.
Commission on Human Security - Two broad areas of research and related consultative processes inform the Commission's deliberations: human insecurities resulting from conflict and violence; and the links between human security and development.
Comparative Democratization Project, Stanford - Human Rights - Links to Internet resources on human rights.
Concise Guide to Human Rights on the Internet - Resource for finding information about human rights on the internet. Links to organizations worldwide addressing human rights issues.
Derechos Cafe - A Human Rights Hangout - News, articles, links and chat groups about human rights issues.
Development Gateway Youth Portal - Brings young people together to interactively discuss the environment, Youth in Conflict, HIV AIDS, and other development topics. Links to articles on youth and human rights.
Meta Description: [ The Youth for Development dgCommunity is led by experts in the development field. It provides opportunities to exchange knowledge, know-how, and opinions. News, information, materials, events, and resources are shared on this page and you can connect and partner with other organizations, experts,... ]
Directory of Human Rights Resources on the Internet - Compiled by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Includes brief descriptions of organizations and contact information.
Earth As It Is - Features political, censorship and human rights news from around the world.
Meta Description: [ Regularly-updated information on world events and the current state of the world, with respect to liberalism and dominion. Discusses human rights, tyrants and tyranny, and the current political divisions of the world, de facto. ]
For the Record: The UN Human Rights System - Country-by-country summary of the work of UN human rights mechanisms.
Freedom Magazine: In Support of Human Rights - Explores the role of investigative reporting in restoring human rights.
Meta Description: [ Scientology-published news journal celebrates 25 years of investigative reporting in the public interest. ]
Friends of People Close to Nature - Network of individuals and groups concerned with the survival of savage tribal peoples, in particular hunter-gatherers.
Meta Description: [ friends of Peoples close to Nature: defenders of free tribal life ]
Gendercide Watch - Confronts gender-selective atrocities against men and women worldwide. Includes a growing database of historical and contemporary case-studies of gendercide, research materials, and up-to-date media coverage.
Meta Description: [ Gendercide Watch -- Confronting gender-selective atrocities worldwide. ]
Global Witness homepage - Highlighting the links between environmental exploitation and human rights abuses, particularly where natural resources such as timber, diamonds and oil are used to fund conflict.
Meta Description: [ Exposing and breaking the links between natural resource exploitation, human rights abuses, conflict and corruption ]
Hate Crime Premise - Opinion paper discussing the assumptions behind the trend toward outlawing hate crimes, and the similarity to Orwell's concept of thoughtcrime.
Meta Description: [ ___ ]
HB-Rights.org - Provides an overview of individual rights, including parent, student, cyber, property and privacy rights.
Meta Description: [ Information on Your Rights ]
Hope 2005 International Conference on Human Rights - The Hope 2005 International Conference on Human Rights will be convened on the 3rd to 5th November 2005, at The Taj Mahal Hotel, Mumbai, India.
Human and Constitutional Rights - Includes constitutional rights charts, links to human rights and constitutional rights websites, news, and resources.
Meta Description: [ Human & Constitutional Rights Resource Page - Includes constitutional rights charts, links to human rights and constitutional rights web sites, hot topic pages and other resources. ]
Human Rights - Resource on United States human rights issues including asylum, the death penalty, land mine manufacturers, police brutality, and prison conditions.
Meta Description: [ The U.S. politics site is a clearing house for information on political issues and events, providing background on important issues such as tax legislation, foreign policy, abortion, electronic democracy, anti-terrorism legislation and prescription drug benefits. ]
Human Rights Alerts - From Peace Brigades International.
Meta Description: [ . ]
Human Rights Discussion List - Active mail list and discussion on subject. Bilingual, English y Español.
Human Rights Education Resource Centre - Includes searchable databases, full-text education and training materials and interactive distance learning tools on human rights.
Meta Description: [ Human Rights Education Associates (HREA) is a non-profit organisation whose main mission is to support efforts aimed at introducing human rights concepts and values into educational curricula and teaching practices. The HREA site contains many on-line resources for human rights organisations and ... ]
Human Rights Information and Documentation Systems - HURIDOCS is a global network of organisations concerned with human rights. Functions as a decentralised network in which organisations can handle and exchange information according to their own requirements.
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Human Rights Initiative - Multiyear research and dialogue project of the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs. Aims to provide critical perspective of what happens when international human rights confront realities on the ground.
Meta Description: [ The Human Rights Initiative explores the ethical dilemmas that occur when human rights ideals confront realities on the ground. Topics include Human Rights Dialogue, human rights, womens rights, workers rights, rights, Amartya Sen, Terry Collingsworth, David Rieff, Patriot Act, globalization, Il... ]
Human Rights Internet - Provides human rights publications, information on children's rights and the UN human rights system, and listing of human rights organizations worldwide.
Human Rights Law and Issues at Suite 101 - A site of passion on human rights law and issues, as well as humanity for all mankind. Various concepts of human rights law and issues, and country-specific insider views on specific incidents.
Meta Description: [ This site covers most aspects of human rights law and issues worldwide, which include but not limited to the history of human rights law, how it differs from humanitarian law, current human rights issue, and enlightening methods to get involved in human rights movement locally and globally. ]
Human Rights Net - Non-profit organisation introducing human rights concepts and values into educational curricula and teaching practices. Host to a number of human rights sites, and a listing of resources.
Meta Description: [ Human Rights Education Associates (HREA) is a non-profit organisation whose main mission is to support efforts aimed at introducing human rights concepts and values into educational curricula and teaching practices. The HREA site contains many on-line resources for human rights organisations and ... ]
Human Rights Network International ( - HRNi publishes academic and reference materials pertaining to a wide range of human rights issues.
Meta Description: [ Recueil de documents internationaux sur les droits de lhomme : instruments, jurisprudence, articles, références bibliographiques, sites Internet, rapports, acteurs. Collection of international documents on human rights : reports, case law, websites, actors ]
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Human Rights Professional Interest Council - Harvard's intercommunity human rights resource (HRPIC) is an educational and professional resource as well as communication network for those interested in the practice of human rights.
Meta Description: [ Human Rights Professional Interest Council Home Page: A Human Rights Resource ]
Human Rights Reporting - Information about an annual seminar at Columbia University surveying the cutting-edge issues in promoting human rights, with a focus on reporting techniques.
Meta Description: [ Human rights reporting at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism ]
Human Rights Voice - Non profit organization involved in the sphere of international human rights, global security, economic development, economic justice and international justice, business and economic rights, and conflict resolution.
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Human Rights Watch World Report 2001 - Human Rights Watch's eleventh annual review of human rights practices around the globe covers developments in 70 countries. The report reflects extensive investigative work.
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Human Rights Watch World Report 2002 - Twelfth annual review of human rights practices and developments in sixty-six countries, covering the period from November 2000 through November 2001.
Meta Description: [ Global Overview of Human Rights Developments in 2001 - (Cover Page for Human Rights Watch World Report 2002) ]
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Human Rights Watch World Report 2003 - Thirteenth annual review of human rights practices around the globe. Identifies positive and negative trends within the sphere of human rights in fifty-eight countries, covering the period from November 2001 through November 2002.
Meta Description: [ Global Overview of Human Rights Developments in 2002 - (Cover Page for Human Rights Watch World Report 2003) ]
Humanlex - Categorised links related to the field of international law and international human rights law. In English and French.
IntellectualLoafing.com - Discusses value of human rights and whether or not governments have the moral right to violate them in defence of human lives.
Meta Description: [ View and add to the debate: This House believes that torture can be morally justifiable. Debate centers around the trade off between human rights and human lives. ]
International Human Rights - Features college papers, posters and links to web sites about international human rights' issues.
Meta Description: [ Papers about international human rights and rights abuses around the world. ]
International Human Rights Respect - Articles and resources for individuals concerned and interested in all aspects of human rights.
Meta Description: [ - dewey decimal 323 ]
International Human Rights: The Pursuit of an Ideal - The goal of this site is to present an objective view of human rights. Topics that have been researched include the history of human rights and the pioneers responsible for it, and issues germane to the topic.
Meta Description: [ Our purpose is not to simply advocate international human rights, but rather, to present an objective view of the topic. Topics that have been researched include, but are not limited to, the evolution of human rights, the history of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human right... ]
International Network for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights - ESCR-Net brings together diverse groups and activists committed to human rights and social justice in order to share information and strategies, establish stronger links across border and disciplines, develop a collective voice, and facilitate collaborative work among members.
Meta Description: [ International Network for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - Working together to make human rights a reality for all. ]
International Protection - NGO devoted to the promotion of human rights and development policies.
Meta Description: [ NGO devoted to the promotion of human rights and development policies. ]
Martus Project - An open-source technology tool that assists nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) collect information on human rights abuses.
Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM) - Studies and gathers human rights documentation.
Rights Advocates - An interactive medium for expression of breaches of human rights. Also information and advice on human rights can be found here.
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Rights and Liberties - Offers links to recent news about human rights and civil liberties.
Rights Consortium - A team of Non-Governmental Organizations dedicated to promoting the rule of law and human rights worldwide.
Speak Truth To Power - Dedicated to the promotion of human rights awareness. A not-for-profit organization that seeks to proactively engage the general public in an ongoing series of issue-related programs and events.
Meta Description: [ Speak Truth To Power is global human rights forum based upon the book by Kerry Kennedy . Interviews taken over a span of three years with fifty international human rights defenders lay the foundation for an educational resource for the fight for human rights.Speak Truth to Power is dedicated to ... ]
Strategic Choices in the Design of Truth Commissions - Site seeks to aid decision makers in societies interested in establishing a Truth Commission via analysis of the structure, design choices, and impacts of past Commissions.
Meta Description: [ www.TruthCommission.org seeks to aid decision makers in societies interested in establishing a Truth Commission via analysis of the structure, design choices, and impacts of past Commissions. ]
The Business of Torture - Article by Dr. Sam Vaknin describes some examples of the business of torture in various countries.
Meta Description: [ Torture is a thriving business: implements, consultants, supplies. ]
The Center for Justice and Accountability - Works to deter torture and other severe human rights abuses around the world by helping survivors hold their persecutors accountable.
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The Human Rights Initiative at Georgia Institute of Technology - This site is dedicated to publishing information on human rights, technology and globalization at Georgia Tech and in the wider world.
Meta Description: [ The Human Rights Initiative is dedicated to publishing information on Human Rights, Technology and Globalization at Georgia Tech and the wider world. ]
The Human Rights Web - Human rights resources including links to relevant documents.
Meta Description: [ The first WWW site on human
rights, and the place to start if you want to know more about
them. ]
The International Monitor Institute Archives - Advanced media research for human rights. Video, audio and photography pertaining to human rights worldwide, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, Burma, Cambodia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and the Middle East.
Meta Description: [ The International Monitor Institute is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that collects, analyzes, and archives audio-visual material pertaining to human rights in the Balkans, Rwanda, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The IMI organizes all videos, still photographs, and audiotape co... ]
The Observer - Special Reports: Liberty Watch - Covers international events and issues about balancing civil liberties and security, featuring an ongoing collection of news, analysis and comment.
The United States and 'The Challenge of Relativity' - Review by US political dissident Noam Chomsky of the United States' own appalling record on human rights - not in the distant past, but in the last 50 years and continuing right up to this day.
Together against Torture - Describes the horrible crime of torture, and the passivity of bystanders. Offers ideas and links to take action, and links to U.S. and international organizations.
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Torture by Proxy - Karen L. Snell,a specialist in constitutional litigation and international extradition, comments on Kenneth Starr's comments in The Washington Post suggesting the U.S. should cast aside traditional civil liberties in the fight against terrorism.
Meta Description: [ Law.com gives the legal professional access to personally relevant legal news, information and resources where and when it's needed. It sends legal news, case alerts and case information by daily e-mail. A division of American Lawyer Media. ]
U.S. Report Stresses Religious Rights - In releasing the annual assessment of human rights in other countries, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright pledged to make the promotion of religious liberty a top priority of U.S. foreign policy.
Meta Description: [ seattletimes.com: Northwest news and information from the Seattle Times. Daily local news, sports, arts and entertainment, and classified ads. ]
U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - The reports cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Updated annually.
Meta Description: [ Publications of the U. S. Department of State: Human Rights Reports Index, contains country reports and official remarks. ]
U.S. State Department on religious intolerance - Details from the second annual report on international religious freedom from the U.S. State Department. Examples of religious intolerance provided. Article dated Sept 2000.
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights -
United Human Rights Council - Works toward correcting the human rights violations of those governments who distort, deny, and delude their own history to disguise genocides, massacres, and human rights violations. Includes sections on various cases.
Meta Description: [ Genocide and massacre information available here for your review. An international human rights organization providing campaigns against Huamn Rights violations and information on the Holocaust, Rwanda, Cambodia and Armenian genocides. ]
United Nations Agreements on Human Rights - Summary page with links to full document.
United Nations Human Rights Day 10 December 2005 - Official site includes calendar of events, messages, information on the World Programme for Human Rights, documents and information on past observances.
University of Minnesota Human Rights Meta Search Engine - Meta search engine for searching multiple human rights sites. Library contains a large collection of international human rights, and links to other human rights and international law sites.
Meta Description: [ The Library contains a large collection of international human rights treaties, instruments, general comments, recommendations, decisions, and views of treaty bodies; other U.N. human rights materials, decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Huma... ]
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USA Patriot Act in Bellingham - Talking points on the USA Patriot Act and transcript of the referendum to be put to the Bellingham City Council.
White Rose - Protest blog collective focusing on civil liberties in the United Kingdom and the rest of world.
World Audit of Democracy and Human Rights - Focus is on democracy, human rights, press freedom, corruption and the rule of law. Daily news on democracy and human rights, links and e-commerce facilities for human rights publications.
Meta Description: [ Learn about worldaudit.org, the World Democracy Audit, corruption, press freedom, the rule of law, human rights, and political rights. We examine the human condition. We monitor human rights online. We provide news, links and e-commerce facilities for human rights publications. ]
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