In finance, a capital gain is profit that results from the appreciation of a capital asset from its purchase price. If the price of the capital asset has declined instead of appreciated, this is called a capital loss. Capital gains occur in both real assets, such as property, as well as financial assets, such as stocks or bonds.
U.S. income tax ramifications
Under the United States Tax Code's section 1222, gain or loss from sale or exchange of a capital asset is a capital gain or loss. Per IRS Tax Topic 409, "Almost everything you own and use for personal or investment purposes is a capital asset. Examples are your home, household furnishings, and stocks or bonds held in your personal account." If a person sells a capital asset for more than he or she paid for it, the gain is taxable. However, for personal-use capital assets, such as a personal automobile, a capital loss is not deductible.
Long term vs. short term
Generally, appreciated capital assets that are sold after being held more than one year (long-term capital gain) will be taxed at a maximum rate of 15%. For the sale of collectibles and small business stock, the capital gain rate is 28%. Appreciated capital assets that are sold after being held less than one year (short-term capital gain) will be taxed as ordinary income, which rises as high as 35% in the progressive tax system.
More on [ Capital gain ]
ABCs of the Capital Gains Tax - CATO Institute essay advocating for a cut in the capital gains tax.
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Capital Gains - Tax Foundation - Brief summary of an article by Arthur P. Hall on the history and effect of the federal capital gains tax.