Gourt > Society > History > By Topic > Social History > Revolutions and Social Movements > 1848 Revolutions
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of revolutions which erupted in Sicily and then, further triggered by the Revolution of 1848 in France, soon spread to the rest of Europe. These European Revolutions were the violent consequences of a variety of changes that had been taking place in Europe in the first half of the 19th century. In politics, both bourgeois reformers and radical politicians were seeking change in their nations' governments. In society, technological change was creating new ways of life for the working classes, a popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such as nationalism and socialism began to spring up. The tinder that lit the fire was a series of economic downturns and crop failures that left the peasants and the poor working classes starving.
The result was a wave of revolution sweeping across Europe and raising hopes of liberal reform as far away as Brazil, where the rhetoric surrounding the Praieira revolt took many cues from European events, as did its thorough repression. Only the United Kingdom and Russia were missing: Russia had not yet a real bourgeois or proletarian class to initiate a revolution (and, more to the point, it lacked the communication between various groups of people to form such classes or to form committees to organize revolts). An exception to this was the Kingdom of Poland, where uprisings took place in 1830-31 (November Uprising), 1846 (Kraków Uprising) and in 1863-65 (January Uprising).
In the United Kingdom, the middle classes had been pacified by general enfranchisement in the Reform Act of 1832, with the consequent agitations, violence, and petitions of the Chartist movement that came to a head with the petition to Parliament of 1848. The repeal of the protectionist agricultural tariffs called the "Corn Laws" in 1846 had defused some proletarian fervor. Elsewhere in the United Kingdom, revolution was far from the minds of those in Ireland, struggling and dying through the Potato Famine (the exception being William Smith O'Brien's debacle in County Tipperary). The United States remained profoundly isolated, increasingly involved in its own expansion.
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1848-49 - Hungarian Online Resources (Magyar Online Forrás) - Articles on how Europe's revolutionary year impacted on Hungary.
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18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon - Karl Marx on the coup of 1851 which overthrew France's 1848 constitution.
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Conclusions of the Revolutions of 1848 - Wikipedia - Brief article on the outcome of the revolutions.
Czech Republic - Revolutions of 1848 - The Paris revolution of February 1848 precipitated a succession of liberal and national revolts against autocratic governments. Revolutionary disturbances pervaded the territories of the Austrian Empire, and Emperor Ferdinand I (1835-48) promised to reorganize the empire on a constitutional, parliamentary basis.
Demands of the Communist Party in Germany - First published: as a leaflet in Paris on March 24 or 25, 1848, in the supplement to the Berliner Zeitungs-Halle, on April 5, 1848, and in a number of other German newspapers; it was repeatedly reprinted during the revolution and after its defeat, in particular as a leaflet in Cologne issued not later than September 10, 1848.
Documents of the Revolution of 1848 in France - Scanned from the 1906 book Readings in European History.
Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions - Articles about the people and ideas motivating the 1848 European revolutions. Most articles have bibliographies.
Internet Modern History Sourcebook: 1848 - Includes a timeline, historical documents and contemporary articles and accounts from Europe's revolutionary year.
Marx Engels 1848 - Works, articles and essays written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, many of which deal with the revolutionary situation.
Meta Description: [ Index to Marx-Engels Works of 1848 ]
Modern History Sourcebook: Carl Schurz: A Look Back at 1848, 1907 - A 1908 recounting of Schurz' experience of the revolution in Bonn.
Periodicals and Pamphlets of the French Revolution of 1848 - Project at the University of Chicago to digitize documentary material from the 1848 revolution in France.
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Political Chronologies of the 1848 Revolutions - Timelines from each of the regions involved.
Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany - Marx and Engels well known work.
Meta Description: [ Revolution and Counter-Revolution ]
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Revolution and Reaction in 1848 - An examination of the 1848 revolution in Prussia and the Germanic states and the response.
Revolution of 1848 - Wikipedia - Extensive encyclopedia article on the revolutions, their precursors, course and outcome.
Revolutions of 1848 - Includes a background article, biographies of major personalities, timeline, questions and two essays.
Revolutions of 1848 in the German states - Extensive encyclopedia article.
Revolutions of 1848: Perspectives on Popular Politics and the Revolutions of 1848 - Online article by Professor John Breuilly examining the revolution and various political interpretations.
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Revolutions of Liberal Nationalism: 1815-1848 - Timeline.
The Constitution of the French Republic Adopted November 4, 1848 - Karl Marx' s analysis of inadequacies and hypocrisy of French Constitution adopted in the aftermath of the 1848 revoluton.
Meta Description: [ analysis of inadequacies and hypocrisy of French Constitution of 1848 ]
The Gathering Storm: Before the Revolutions of 1848 - Extensive article examining the factors leading to the revolutions.
The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective - Article on the factors leading to the uprising, the course of the revolution and its aftermath.
The German 1848 Revolution: German American Perspectives - Series of articles and online exhibits from the 1998 Society of German Americans Symposium with particular focus on exiles from the revolution who emigrated to the United States.
The Open Door Web Site : History : Revolutionary Europe (1820-1848) - Examines the period from the 1820 defeat of Napoleon leading up to the 1848 revolutions.
The Open Door Web Site : History : The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 - Short article on the 1830 July Days and 1848 revolution in France.
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The Revolution of 1848 - Background information for a course on western civilization.
The Revolutions of 1848 - Background notes from a class on western civilization.
The Revolutions of 1848 in France - Wikipedia - Extensive article on the revolution and counter-revolution in France.
The Revolutions of 1848 in the Hapsburg areas - Wikipedia - Article examining the 1848 revolutions in the Hapsburg empire including Austria, Hungary and the Czech lands.
The Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States - Examination of the revolutions in the area now known as Italy.
| ) changed to a certain extent, being made equal after the abortive Romanian revolution of 1848 when, under the spur of ... | |
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