Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, "the earth") and λογος (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the solid matter of a celestial body, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. It is one of the Earth sciences. Geologists have helped establish the age of the Earth at about 4.6 billion (4.6x109) years, and have determined that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust, is fragmented into tectonic plates that move over a rheic upper mantle (asthenosphere) via processes that are collectively referred to as plate tectonics. Geologists help locate and manage the earth's natural resources, such as petroleum and coal, as well as metals such as iron, copper, and uranium. Additional economic interests include gemstones and many minerals such as asbestos, perlite, mica, phosphates, zeolites, clay, pumice, quartz, and silica, as well as elements such as sulphur, chlorine, and helium.
Astrogeology refers to the application of geologic principles to other bodies of the solar system. However, specialised terms such as selenology (studies of the Moon), areology (of Mars), etc., are also in use.
The word "geology" was first used by Jean-André Deluc in the year 1778 and introduced as a fixed term by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the year 1779. An older meaning of the word was first used by Richard de Bury. He used it to distinguish between earthly and theological jurisprudence.
More on [ Geology ]
Geology :: Earth Sciences
Catastrophism :: Origins and Creation

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An Introductory Guide to Continental Drift - Brief overview of the development of drift theory. Bibliography. Links to relevant sites
Bartleby.com: Sir Charles Lyell - Includes etexts of scientific papers, The Progress of Geology and Uniformity of Change
Meta Description: [ Sir Charles Lyell. Bartleby.com ]
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Cofrhigeorama - Provides historical information on geology, mineralogy, petrology and other Earth sciences. In French and English.
Meta Description: [ History of Geology and the Geosciences;histoire de la géologie, des géosciences, des sciences de la Terre;history of geology and the geosciences;Geschichte der Geologie, der Geosciences, der Wissenschaften der Masse;storia di geologia e di scienze della terra;historia de la geología y de los geos... ]
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GSA History of Geology Division - Web site includes organization information, as well as several papers on important geologists and their work.
HESS: History of the Earth Sciences Society - International society devoted to the history of earth sciences. Site has information about the organization and its journal, Earth Sciences History.
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Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth - Mathematical details of Lord Kelvin's young earth calculation, from a course in applied fourier analysis.
No Stone Unturned: The First 150 years of the Geological Survey of Canada - Describes the approval of the geological survey department, which was originally created to find coal ore and later for map making. Page describes the later success in finding other sources of minerals. Local animal and plants species were also recorded.
Meta Description: [ § The GSC has a rich and fascinating history dating back to its formation in 1842 ]
Out of Print Geology Books for sale - Also including books on paleontology, mineralogy, mining, explorations, early surveys, volcanology, seismology and meteoritics.
Meta Description: [ Ed Rogers Rare & Out of Print Books, Geoscience, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Mining, Stratigraphy, Exploration, rare railroad reports, Western Americana ]
The Great Devonian Controversy - A review of the book by Martin Rudwick about this 19th century geological controversy.
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