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For the periodical, see Science (journal)

Science in the broadest sense refers to any knowledge or trained skill, especially (but not exclusively) when this is attained by verifiable means. See the entry Science in the Oxford English Dictionary ISBN 0195222172 The word science also describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from such study. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on empiricism, experimentation, and methodological naturalism, as well as to the organized body of knowledge humans have gained by such research. This article focuses on science in the latter sense.

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Shopping For Armed Forces In Hemet
Thu, 03 Jul 2008 13:00:00 -0400
For many young people in tiny Hemet, Calif., the first stop after graduation is that town's Armed Forces Career Center. More than five years into the Iraq war, the center provides one-stop-shopping for potential Army, Navy and Marine recruits.
Why Rural U.S. Towns See More Casualties
Thu, 03 Jul 2008 13:00:00 -0400
Residents of Hemet, Calif. know all too well about military casualties. They're not alone — that town's story has been repeated in rural communities across the country. We examine why soldiers from rural areas are more likely to die in combat and how voters in those areas see the Iraq war.
Is Obama Sliding To The Center?
Thu, 03 Jul 2008 13:00:00 -0400
Some of the Democratic candidate's supporters are expressing frustration with what they see as a slide toward the center. Markos Moulitsas, founder of The DailyKos political blog, discusses how Obama is trying to appeal to moderates.

The Talk of the Town

The Chill
Nick Paumgarten Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
If you had stumbled into Banjo Jim’s, in the East Village, on a recent Wednesday night and encountered a sixty-something guy leading a band through a fervent rendition of “Wild Thing,” for an audience of two dozen or so, you might have concluded, “This is lame,” and slipped back . . .
Oily Speculations
James Surowiecki Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
When bad things happen, it’s always nice to have a scapegoat. So, with Americans furious about soaring oil prices, Congress has gone in search of someone to blame. There are a number of usual suspects to choose from, depending on your politics--OPEC, greedy oil companies, lily-livered environmentalists opposed . . .
Obama’s Iraq Problem
George Packer Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
In February, 2007, when Barack Obama declared that he was running for President, violence in Iraq had reached apocalyptic levels, and he based his candidacy, in part, on a bold promise to begin a rapid withdrawal of American forces upon taking office. At the time, this pledge represented conventional thinking . . .

 
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404 19th Century Scientific American - Though very different from todays Scientific American Magazine, the articles of the 19th Century Scientific American is a nice read for students of this period.

4000 Years of Women in Science - Women's contributions to Science, from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century.
Meta Description: [ The History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century ]

A Science and Technology Odyssey - Timeline of the history of science and technology from 20,000 BC to 1800.
Meta Description: [ Timeline of Physics, Technology, Mathematics,Technology,and chronology ]

A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom - Complete text of the 1896 classic by Andrew Dickson White.

A Science Odyssey - Presents the people and the discoveries of 20th century science and technology in a variety of accessible, and interactive Web features. Based on the PBS television series.
Meta Description: [ A Science Odyssey presents the people and the discoveries of twentieth century science and technology in a variety of accessible, entertaining, and interactive Web features. ]

About Daylight Saving Time - History from Benjamin Franklin to the present. U.S. law and practice. Worldwide time change dates.
Meta Description: [ Why do we have Daylight Saving Time? History from Benjamin Franklin to the present. U.S. law and practice. Worldwide time change dates. Daylight Saving Time. Just as sunflowers turn their heads to catch every sunbeam, so too have we discovered a simple way to get more from our sun. ]

Alchemy Web and Virtual Library - Comprehensive library of imagery, symbols, music, alchemical texts and commentary. Not historical in intent, but contains many useful historical sources.

Ancient Greece: Science and Technology - Discusses early inventions, such as calculating devices, machines using gears, steam engines, war technology, and town planning. Some mathematicians included are Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, and Appolonius. Some topical concepts covered are astronomical discoveries, prime numbers, evolution of the species, and measuring the circumference of the earth.

Archive for history of science of the Natural History Museum, Vienna - Information about the archive's collections of letters (e.g. Goethe, Humboldt) and drawings (e.g Ferdinand Lucas Bauer).

Birr Castle Demesne - A science museum in Ireland devoted to the astronomical, engineering botantical and photographical work of the Parsons family.
Meta Description: [ Birr Castle Demesne website is based around the discoveries in science, astronomy, engineering and photography made by the the various Lord and Lady Rosses over the last 14 generations of the Parsons family. The largest telescope in the world for 75 years as well as the inventor of the steam tur... ]

404 Britain and the Rise of Science - Lisa Jardine investigates the origins of the commitment to science as the firm basis for Britain's success in commerce and industry. From the BBC.
Meta Description: [ Error 404 - Page not found ]

Calendars Through the Ages - History and FAQs of various calendars, including Julian, Gregorian, Jewish, Islamic, Chinese, and Mayan. Astronomy, years, months, and days of the week.
Meta Description: [ History and FAQ's of calendars, from ancient Rome to outer space. Including Julian, Gregorian, Jewish, Islamic, Chinese, and Mayan. ]

Carnegie Mellon University: Social Science History - Reports research findings of the organization that crosses time and location for comparisons. Includes related association links.

Commentary on the Effects of Electricity on Muscular Motion - Facsimile of Galvani's original and an English translation.

Darwin-L Archives on the Historical Sciences - Archives of messages and supporting materials from this professional discussion group on the history and theory of the historical sciences.
Meta Description: [ Academic discussion on systematics, evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, historical linguistics, geology, archaeology, and other historical sciences. ]

Echo Science and Technology Virtual Center - Annotated catalogue of history of science, technology, and medicine resources.

ECHO: Exploring and Collecting History Online - Dedicated to using the internet to collect and assemble (for the historical record) personal recollections of recent developments in science and technology, and to encouraging others to undertake similar projects. Includes a directory of history of science and technology websites.

Epact: Scientific Instruments of Medieval and Renaissance Europe - Online database of medieval and renaissance scientific instruments made before 1600 A.D. held at four European museums.

Events in Science, Mathematics and Technology - Neil Brandt's timeline covers historic highlights from classical mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics, and technology.

404 Faith and Reason. - On the historical interactions of science and religion. (From PBS.)

From Antiquity to Einstein - Lecture notes from Jose Wudka of the University of California, Riverside. Page includes definitions and examples of early uses of scientific method, large numbers, early cosmology, Newtonioan laws, electricity, magnetism, waves versus pariticles, and light.
Meta Description: [ From Antiquity to Einstein ]

Green Lion Press - Independent book publisher specializing in history of mathematics and history of science. Includes information on ordering, books available, and how to contact them.
Meta Description: [ Green Lion Press's home page. Our mission: providing access to sources in history of science. Now available: Newton's Principia: The Central Argument, by Dana Densmore. Titles by Johannes Kepler, James Clerk Maxwell, Aristotle, etc., forthcoming. ]

H-Net Child - History of Childhood and Youth

History of Evolutionary Thought - A timeline with information on major contributors to biology, geology, and paleontology from Aristotle up to the 20th century. From the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology.

History of Optics - Timeline of optical discoveries and theories, from Euclid to the laser.
Meta Description: [ A brief history of optics presented as a time line ]

History of Phrenology on the Web - Phrenology, though now generally discredited, was an important historical precursor of later developments in psychology and neuroscience. Contains essays, related images, a large bibliography, and digitized books.

History of Remote Sensing - Gives some hallmarks in the history of remote sensing, which, when tied to human history, have profoundly changed the way we view and understand our world.
Meta Description: [ This Observatorium Exhibit gives some hallmarks in thehistory of remote sensing, which, when tied to human history, haveprofoundly changed the way we view and understand our world. ]

History of Russian Science - Virtual guide which includes article archives, bibliography, journals, institutiona and news.

History of Salt - Sodium chloride in history, with many links to further relevant material. From the Salt Institute.

History of Science - Book reviews from The Bactra Review.

History of Science and Ethics Internet Resources - Links to museums, historical instruments galleries, electronic publications, papers, e-mail groups and books

History of Science and Technology - A timeline of the history of science that can be organized by either date, or alphabetically by scientist's name, with (very) basic data and some links. Also provides a list of popularizing books on the subject.
Meta Description: [ This comprehensive meta-site maps out the history of the development of science and technology and presents links to the best of the web describing the people and events involved. ]

History of the Physical Sciences in India - Essay outlining developments in the study of physics and chemistry in India. Lists some of the early atomic theories, as well as insights gathered in the fields of astronomy, optics, sound, and other branches of physics.
Meta Description: [ Physical Sciences, Chmeistry and Physics in Ancient and Medieval India ]

Institute and Museum of History of Science - Florence, Italy - The museum and web site are particularly rich resources for the life and work of Galileo.

International Commission on History of Meteorology - Information about the commission and about meetings discussion the history of meteorology.

500 International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science - HOPOS - Promote serious, scholarly research on the history of the philosophy of science. Includes news and events.

International Union of History and Philosophy of Science - Division of History of Science - Information on the organization, together with a links page and listings of upcoming conferences.

Internet for History and Philosophy of Science - A free teach yourself tutorial on Internet information skills for historians and philosophers of science.

Internet History of Science Sourcebook - Links to documents and Web resources pertaining to the history of science including original texts from great scientific thinkers.

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Scientific Revolution - Primary sourcebook intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history.

Islamic Alchemy in the Context of Islamic Science - Focus on chemistry, botany and medicine with overviews in other areas.

404 Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 - An exhibit of rare scientific works from the Cudahy Collection of Jesuitica.

Jordanus - An international catalogue of mediaeval scientific manuscripts.

Museum of Microscopy - Virtual museum of microscopes, ranging from the earliest 16th century European instruments to modern microscopes from around the world.
Meta Description: [ Welcome to the Molecular Expressions Museum of Microscopy. This site contains a museum of classical microscopes ranging from the first European microscopes built in the sixteenth century to modern microscopes from around the world. ]

Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford - Library calalog, image library, and numerous virtual exhibits available online.
Meta Description: [ website of the museum of the history of science, oxford ]

Muslim Scientists, Mathematicians and Astronomers Before European Renaissance, 700-1500 C.E. - Historical review of the Muslim contribution to humanity and Islamic Civilization. Gives biographies of scientists and describes their contributions and influence on European thought and discoveries.
Meta Description: [ Muslim contribution to Science, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Over one hundred articles. Arab and Moorish Civilization, history of science. Averroes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, Geber, Alhazen, Rhazes, Albucasis, Al-Pharabius, Albategnius, Alboacen. ]

404 National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists - Catalogue of archives of the papers of contemporary British scientists.
Meta Description: [ University of Bath ]

Nobel e-Museum - Biographies and Nobel Lectures of the prizewinners, from the Nobel Foundation.
Meta Description: [ Nobelprize.org, Official web site of the Nobel Foundation ]

Philosophy, Science and Technology in India - History of rational philosophy, scientific method, epistomology and technology in ancient India.
Meta Description: [ History, India: Philosophy, Science and Technology - Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism ]

Ptolemy's map - A small description of Ptolemy's famous map.

Resources in the History of Science and Technology - A directory of online and print resources from the University of Alberta library.

Reviews of History of Science books - Reviews, by Danny Yee, of a range of books on the history of science, mostly popular titles.
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Science and Engineering Indicators - Report by the National Science Board and National Science Foundation on US science and technology, including education and RD, from World War II to the end of the 20th century.

Science and You - Several articles, mostly on history and philosophy of science, aimed at a lay audience.
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Science Timeline - A chronology from the 7th millenium BC to the present day, with brief explanations of events in the history of western natural philosophy and sciences.
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Scientific Societies in the Second Golden Age of Dutch Science, 1850-1914 - From the doctoral dissertation of Ilja Nieuwland.

Some Early Microscopes from the Optical Institute in Wetzlar - Carl Kellner founded what was named the Optical Institute in Wetzlar Germany in 1849. By 1851 he employed twelve workmen and was producing his first microscopes.
Meta Description: [ Carl Kellner founded what was named the Optical Institute in Wetzlar Germany in 1849. By 1851 he employed twelve workmen and was producing his first microscopes. ]

404 The Antikythera Mechanism - An ancient Greek geared mechanism, apparently a device for astronomical calculation.
Meta Description: [ Antikythera Mechanism Unofficial Home Page, Antikythera Mechanism Unofficial Home Page ]

The Cosmic Elk - Articles, and books on science, history and the history of science, including the history of astronomy, Tudor history and the history of Siberia.

The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 - Documents the historical formation and cultural foundations of the movement to conserve and protect America's natural heritage.
Meta Description: [ The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850 - 1920, collection contains a multiformat collection of photographs, printed works (including government documents) and manuscripts documenting the Conservation movement in the United States. Features an album of paintings, photographs, and scient... ]

The History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine - Long list of internet resources in the field of the history of science.

The Scientific Revolution - Study guide which includes timelines, biographies, glossaries, diagrams, bibliographies, and original research.

Today in Science History - Memorializes births and deaths of famous and not so famous scientists of the past, and other events in science history. Searchable.

Victorian Science - Science in the 19th century. Overview plus much specific information on themes, disciplines, and individuals.

Who invented the thermometer? - Timeline showing the development of the thermometer from Galileo to Kelvin.
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404 Women in Science and Medicine - Some brief biographies, and interactive quizzes on female scientists.

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