Gourt > Society > History > By Time Period > Twentieth Century > Wars and Conflicts > Spanish Civil War (4)
- This article is about the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. See also Spanish Civil War, 1820-1823.
The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939, was a conflict in which the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco defeated the Loyalists led by President Manuel Azaña of the Second Spanish Republic. The Loyalists received weapons and volunteers from the Soviet Union and the international Communist movement, while the Nationalists (or Francoists) were supported by the Fascist nations, including Italy and Germany. The Republicans ranged from centrists who supported capitalist liberal democracy to communists and anarchist revolutionaries; their power base was primarily secular and urban (though it also included landless peasants) and was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias and Catalonia. The conservative Basque Country also sided with the Republic, largely because it, along with nearby Catalonia, sought autonomy from the central government which would later be suppressed by the centralizing nationalists. The Francoist had a primarily rural, wealthier, and more conservative base of support, were mostly Roman Catholic, and favoured the centralization of power. Some of the military tactics of the war - including the use of terror tactics against civilians - foreshadowed World War II, although both the Nationalists and the Republicans relied overwhelmingly on infantry rather than modern use of blitzkrieg tactics with tanks and airplanes.
While the war lasted only about three years, the political situation had already been violent for several years before. The number of casualties is disputed; estimates generally suggest that between 300,000 and 1 million people were killed. Many of these deaths resulted from the mass killings perpetrated on both sides. The war started with military uprisings throughout Spain and its colonies, which were followed by Republican reprisals against the Church, which Republican radicals viewed as an oppressive institution supportive of the old order. There were massacres of Catholic clergy and churches, and monasteries and convents were burned. Twelve bishops, 283 nuns 2,365 monks and 4,184 priests were killed. The statistics on assassinations, destruction of religious buildings, etc. immediately before the start of the war come from Historia de la Persecución Religiosa en España (1936-1939) by Antonio Montero Moreno (Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 3rd edition, 1999). Former landowners and industrialists were also attacked. During and in the wake of the war, the Nationalists carried out a program of mass killing of opponents where house searches were carried out, and unwanted individuals were often jailed or killed. Trade-unionists, known republican sympathisers and critics of Franco's regime were among the first to be targeted. The Nationalists also carried out aerial bombings of civilian areas with the help of the German and Italian air forces. On all sides, brutality was common.
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