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Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution; the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804; then Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français) and King of Italy under the name Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 to 6 April 1814; and briefly restored as Emperor from March 20 to June 22 1815.
Over the course of little more than a decade, the armies of France under his command fought almost every European power (often simultaneously) and acquired control of most of the western and central mainland of Europe by conquest or alliance until his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, followed by defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, which led to his abdication several months later and his exile to the island of Elba. He staged a comeback known as the Hundred Days (les Cent Jours), but was again defeated decisively at the Battle of Waterloo in present day Belgium on June 18 1815, followed shortly afterwards by his surrender to the British and his exile to the island of Saint Helena, where he died six years later.
Although Napoleon himself developed few military innovations, apart from the divisional squares employed in Egypt and the placement of artillery into batteries, he used the best tactics from a variety of sources, and the modernized French army, as reformed under the various revolutionary governments, to score several major victories. His campaigns are studied at military academies all over the world and he is generally regarded as one of the greatest commanders ever to have lived. Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic Code. He is considered by some to have been one of the "enlightened despots".
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Research: Napoleon I - Contains a biography.
Meta Description: [ Napoleon I (1769-1821), emperor of the French, whose imperial dictatorship ended the French Revolution (1789-1799) while consolidating the reforms it... ]
Chateau Versailles: Napoléon Ier - Contains a short biography and images of paintings.
Meta Description: [ Chateau of Versailles – official site – Royal residence of King Louis XIV: hall of mirrors, trianon, jeu de paume, French-style gardens, fountains, musical fountains, coach & rider museum Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, King Louis Philippe, Napoleon Bonaparte, Madame de Maintenon ]
Chronology of Napoleon Bonaparte - Detailed chronology from the World History Database
Meta Description: [ History and chronology of Napoleon I in France ]
From The Imperial Catechism, 1806 - Excerpts from the document which Catholic schools used in teaching about Napoleon.
Grand Illusions: The Strange Story of Napoleon's Wallpaper - Presents the theory that Napoleon was poisoned.
Napoléon 1st - Contains a biography, genealogy, images and forum. [In French and English].
Napoleon Bonaparte - Contains a gallery of paintings.
Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide - Contains articles and links.
Meta Description: [ The Napoleon Bonaparte guide, guides you to the best Napoleonic sites. Start your search for information about him here. ]
Napoleon I - Contains a biography.
Napoleon's Correspondence - On-line editions of Napoleon's army headquarters communications at The War Times Journal.
Meta Description: [ On-line editions of Napoleon's army headquarters communications. At The War Times Journal. ]
Napoleon's Farewell to the Old Guard - A translation of Napoleon's speech to his army before his exile to Elba.
Meta Description: [ At The History Place - Part of the Great Speeches series. ]
Napoleon.org - Run by the Foundation Napoleon on the subject of Napoleon Bonaparte and Napoleon III. [In French and English.]
Napoleonic Club Yahoo! Group - Contains a forum.
Meta Description: [ napoleonicclub: Napoleonic club - All about Napoeon and his armies ]
PBS - Napoleon - Companion site to PBS documentary: Empires - Napoleon. Contains a timeline, interactive battlefield simulator, reference materials, and online discussion.
Meta Description: [ Soldier, Emperor, Statesman, over. Meet Napoleon. ]
Quotes by Napoleon Bonaparte - A collection of quotations.
Meta Description: [ Napoleon Quotes. Famous Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes and Quotations ]
Remembrances of Napoleon - Some personal memories from French courtier Madame de Rémusat.
The Assassination of Napoleon - Lecture proposing that Napoleon was murdered.
The Transfer of Napoleon's Corpse - Relates how Napoleon's corpse was moved from St Helena to France.
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