Hannibal (247 BC – 183 BC;Hannibal's date of death is most commonly given as 183 BC, but there is a possibility it could have taken place in 182 BC.Microsoft Encarta — Hannibal (general)HANNIBAL ("mercy" or "favor of Baal") 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica sometimes referred to as Hǎnnibal Barca) was a Carthaginian politician and statesman who is popularly credited as one of the finest military generals in history. He lived in a period of tension in the Mediterranean, with both Carthage and Rome (then the Roman Republic) vying for control of the region. Considered by many as the greatest enemy of the Roman Republic, he is best known for his achievements in the Second Punic War, when he marched an army, which famously included war elephants, from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into northern Italy.
During his invasion of Italy he defeated the Romans in a series of battles, out of which the most famous included the Battles of Trebia, Trasimene and Cannae. After Cannae he seized the second largest city in Italy, Capua, but could not move on to attack the city of Rome as his army needed reinforcements. He maintained an army in Italy for more than a decade and his decision not to attack Rome became a controversial one as the Roman armies regrouped. A Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him to return to Carthage, where he was defeated in the Battle of Zama. The defeat forced the Carthaginian Senate to send him into exile. During this exile, he lived at the Seleucid court, where he acted as military advisor to Antiochus III in his war against Rome. Defeated in a naval battle, Hannibal fled again, this time to the Bithynian court. When the Romans demanded his surrender, he preferred to commit suicide rather than submit.
Hannibal is universally ranked as one of the greatest military commanders and tacticians in history. Military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge once famously christened Hannibal the "father of strategy"Hannibal: A History of the Art of War Among the Carthagonians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C. by Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Da Capo Press (September 1995) for the reason that even his greatest enemy, Rome, came to adopt elements of his military tactics in their strategic canon. This reputation has earned him a strong reputation in the modern world and he was regarded as a "gifted strategist" by men like Napoleon Bonaparte and Arthur Wellesley. He has also been the base of a number of films and documentaries.
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Hannibal - Short biographical articles.
Hannibal's Dynasty - Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247-183 B.C. - A book focusing on the influence of the so-called Barcid family and their kinsmen on the politics of Carthage and the Mediterranean by Dexter Hoyos, 2003 by subscription.
Meta Description: [ Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247-183 BC Book by Dexter Hoyos; 2003 ]
Hannibal: Soldier, Statesman, Patriot; and the Crisis of the Struggle between Carthage and Rome - The complete book by William O'Connor Morris, 1937 by subscription.
Meta Description: [ Hannibal: Soldier, Statesman, Patriot; and the Crisis of the Struggle between Carthage and Rome Book by William O'Connor Morris; 1937 ]
The Character of Hannibal - As written by Polybius.
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