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The majority of this article is about heads of states. For more on other kinds of presidents, see Non-Governmental Presidents, below. For more on the usage of term "president", see President (history of the term).
President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who Preside, who sits in leadership (from Latin prae- "before" + sedere "to sit"; just as Praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with executive powers.

Among other things, President today is a common title for the Head of state of most republics, whether popularly elected, chosen by the legislature or a special electoral college. It is also often adopted by dictators.

Modern history of the designation


Originally the term was used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain. Later this usage was applied to political leaders. Early examples are from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464); the founding President of the Royal Society William Brouncker in 1660; heads of individual British colonies (originally Virginia in 1608); and chief officers of banks (from 1781).

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Looking Back on Jesse Helms' Life
Fri, 04 Jul 2008 18:14:00 -0400
Sen. No, as he was often called, "was a real throwback," says Merle Black, a professor of southern politics at Emory University. One of a select group of politicians who helped solidify Republican control in the South, he had a loyal constituency of working-class whites in North Carolina.
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Fri, 04 Jul 2008 16:05:00 -0400
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Fri, 04 Jul 2008 16:00:00 -0400
Sen. Barack Obama Obama was questioned about why he doesn't always wear a flag pin during a Democratic debate in April. His critics say his lack of pin casts doubt on Obama's patriotism, and recently the Democratic candidate has been wearing one.

The Talk of the Town

The Chill
Nick Paumgarten Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
If you had stumbled into Banjo Jim’s, in the East Village, on a recent Wednesday night and encountered a sixty-something guy leading a band through a fervent rendition of “Wild Thing,” for an audience of two dozen or so, you might have concluded, “This is lame,” and slipped back . . .
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James Surowiecki Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
When bad things happen, it’s always nice to have a scapegoat. So, with Americans furious about soaring oil prices, Congress has gone in search of someone to blame. There are a number of usual suspects to choose from, depending on your politics--OPEC, greedy oil companies, lily-livered environmentalists opposed . . .
Obama’s Iraq Problem
George Packer Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
In February, 2007, when Barack Obama declared that he was running for President, violence in Iraq had reached apocalyptic levels, and he based his candidacy, in part, on a bold promise to begin a rapid withdrawal of American forces upon taking office. At the time, this pledge represented conventional thinking . . .

 
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Research: President of the United States - Encarta Encyclopedia article gives overview of highest government position.
Meta Description: [ President of the United States, chief executive officer of the federal government, leader of the executive branch, and the commander in chief of the ... ]

A Presidential Exploration - The Oval Office - ThinkQuest site provides fast facts about the men who have occupied the Oval Office, as well as in-depth looks at their administrations.

American Presidents Blog - Blog featuring sites that relate to the American Presidency or specific American Presidents. Created by Michael Lorenzen who is a librarian at Central Michigan University.

American Presidents: Life Portraits - Site complements CSPAN television series of the same name. Includes brief facts about each president, plus video clips from the series.

AmericanPresident.org - Contains detailed biographies, staff listings, position descriptions, organizational charts, and key events for all 43 past and current presidents of the United States, as well as primary source materials and current information about the Presidency. Explores both the historical and political science aspects for the Presidency.
Meta Description: [ A comprehensive collection of authoritative essays on the Presidents of the United States. ]

Character in Time: The U.S. Presidents - Project seeks to produce quality one-act plays that capture the character of each President. Site includes synopsis of each play, along with profiles of the playwrights involved in the project
Meta Description: [ The American Presidents are the focus of a unique publishing event undertaken by The History Project, Inc. ]

Dead Presidents - Visits to the gravesites of the U.S. Presidents, with links for more information on their lives.
Meta Description: [ Visits to the Gravesites of the U.S. Presidents, with copious links for more information on each President, and on U.S. history and government in general. ]

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Meta Description: [ Jenna Bush and Barbara Bush are The First Twins! ]

Getting the Message Out - An exhibition examining the national popular political culture in the antebellum United States through campaign materials from presidential campaigns from 1840-1860. Site includes histories, biographies, and primary source material such as campaign biographies and campaign songbooks, as well as song recordings, images, and teachers' guide.
Meta Description: [ Getting the Message Out presents primary source material and historical analyses of presidential campaigns and popular political culture during the mid-nineteenth century. Offers campaign biographies, songbooks, song recordings, histories, images, and maps. ]

Grolier Online: The American Presidency - A history of presidents, the presidency, politics and related subjects. Includes biographies for every president.

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Our Political Drama: Conventions, Campaigns, Candidates - Anecdotal history of American presidential campaigns, conventions and inaugurations, with six chapters about the development and use of political cartoons in presidential politics.
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