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Computer software (or simply software) is the programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software.

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86-207663-4.

Relationship to hardware


Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. In computers, software is loaded into RAM and executed in the central processing unit. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions (object code), which change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequence. It is generally written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

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NPR Topics: Politics & Society

White House Red-Faced Over Berlusconi Gaffe
Tue, 08 Jul 2008 18:00:00 -0400
The White House has apologized for a biography of Silvio Berlusconi that calls the Italian leader "one of the most controversial leaders in the history of a country known for government corruption and vice." The bio was distributed at the G-8 summit.
Mccain, Obama Court Hispanics
Tue, 08 Jul 2008 16:24:00 -0400
Republican John McCain and Democrat Barack Obama address the League of United Latin American Citizens. Democrats aim to increase Hispanic turnout, while Republicans hope to build on the inroads George W. Bush made among Hispanic voters in 2004.
Housing Bill Moves Slowly Through Congress
Tue, 08 Jul 2008 16:00:00 -0400
The housing bill is inching forward though Congress with bipartisan support, while Nevada Republican Sen. John Ensign tries to attach a package of energy tax breaks. The tax breaks also have bipartisan support, but only if their cost is offset.

The Talk of the Town

The Chill
Nick Paumgarten Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
If you had stumbled into Banjo Jim’s, in the East Village, on a recent Wednesday night and encountered a sixty-something guy leading a band through a fervent rendition of “Wild Thing,” for an audience of two dozen or so, you might have concluded, “This is lame,” and slipped back . . .
Oily Speculations
James Surowiecki Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
When bad things happen, it’s always nice to have a scapegoat. So, with Americans furious about soaring oil prices, Congress has gone in search of someone to blame. There are a number of usual suspects to choose from, depending on your politics--OPEC, greedy oil companies, lily-livered environmentalists opposed . . .
Obama’s Iraq Problem
George Packer Mon, 30 Jun 2008 04:00:00 -0000
In February, 2007, when Barack Obama declared that he was running for President, violence in Iraq had reached apocalyptic levels, and he based his candidacy, in part, on a bold promise to begin a rapid withdrawal of American forces upon taking office. At the time, this pledge represented conventional thinking . . .

 
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!Family - BASIC program to maintain a family tree. Uses the worldwide standard GEDCOM file format to store information. (RISC Operating System only).

Agelong Tree - Software intended for building family trees, processing information about relatives and events in their lives.
Meta Description: [ Genealogy software for building family trees ]

Ages - Family tree shareware which features multi-page tree printouts.

Ancestor+ - A commercial RISC OS application for recording family trees. Capable of importing and exporting GEDCOM files, and to HTML.

Ancestral Author - Windows program to document genealogical research. Creates hyperlinked Adobe PDF files from GEDCOMs, text files, images, and other user input.
Meta Description: [ Ancestral Author Home Page: Ancestral Author helps you document your genealogy by creating hyperlinked PDF files from GEDCOMs. ]

Ancestral Quest - Genealogy program that reads PAF files in directly. Features available include multimedia capabilities, advanced search and filtering.
Meta Description: [ Learn about Ancestral Quest; The most comprehensive and easy-to-use genealogy software/family history software you can buy. 100% PAF compatible. Try the free demo. ]

AprilTree.com - Web based application to build, share, and manage family trees online. Allows addition of photos, census details, and documents.
Meta Description: [ AprilTree.com Online Family Tree Builder Service ]

Brother's Keeper - Windows shareware program to organize family history and print a variety of charts and reports.
Meta Description: [ Official web page to download the Brother's Keeper (Brothers Keeper) genealogy software. ]

CommSoft, Inc. - Prints family group sheets and pedigree charts. Search for individuals and families, names, and locations.

Cumberland Family Software - Windows shareware program centered around creating family books, with an emphasis on event-based genealogy.
Meta Description: [ Cumberland Family Software, easy but advanced genealogy shareware programs for Windows. Try before you buy. Also Universal Calendar Calculator, Diary, Photo Album. ]

Desai Technologies Family Tree Drillet - Lets you create pictorial family trees that can be shared like a document.

404 DYNAS-TREE - Records family history, prints charts and family books, and generates complete web sites.

Family Historian - Family tree program offering complete diagram capabilities.
Meta Description: [ Family Historian is a new kind of family tree program, with a new and different design philosophy, offering great diagram facilities. ]

Family Historian User Group Portal - Web portal for users of Family Historian software.
Meta Description: [ The Family Historian User Group (FHUG) Portal provides support and information on using 'Family Historian' from Calico Pie Software. It includes Articles, Forums, Polls, Query and Report Template Store and much more. ]

500 Family History System - A set of programs for creating and maintaining files of family information and for printing charts and reports.

Family Origins - Windows-based genealogy program geared to users with large databases. Extensive reporting features.

Family Reunion - Windows-based genealogy software by FAMware.
Meta Description: [ Use your computer to organize family records. Create and manage your own genealogical database. Document your family history. Organize a family reunion. ]

Family Tree House - Genealogy software accessible by the internet only which will create an online family tree.
Meta Description: [ The Family Tree House offers free family tree builders software, genealogy information and genealogy links, newsletters, e-mail, insurance, mutual funds, and travel discounts for open enrollment association members.... ]

Family Tree Legends - Intelligently links ancestors with SmartMatching and utilizes Real-Time Internet Backup and Publishing.

Family Tree Maker - Popular family tree software which creates charts and trees in a variety of formats.
Meta Description: [ Visit Genealogy.com to discover and preserve your family's unique story. Buy Family Tree Maker, the #1 selling family history software. Access online data collections and CDs for vital historical records to fill the gap in your family tree research. ]

Family View - Two part shareware genealogy program for Windows. Includes pedigree and descendant charts, and photo album.

FamilyMatters - Microsoft Access database program for documenting family history and generating a family tree web site.
Meta Description: [ Family Matters Genealogy Software from MatterWare ]

Famtree - Offers genealogy software which works out relationships, displays photos, stores notes and data sources, and also saves charts as web pages and text files.
Meta Description: [ Family Tree Software - Famtree Easy to use genealogy software for Windows; produces attractive family tree charts, descendants trees, ancestry charts; works out how people are related. Extensive manual and help file; supports Gedcom files; free download from site ]

404 Fzip Family Tree - Windows shareware genealogy program with charting and reporting features.
Meta Description: [ iiNet specialises in super fast ADSL2+ broadband. Get the fastest speeds around, up to 24,000kbps - ordinary broadband just isn't the same. We also have the greatest ADSL2+ coverage in Australia. ]

GDBI - Gedcom DataBase Interface - GDBI is an add-on for 3 other programs: phpGedView, GenealogyJ, and jLifelines. It provides an editor similar to Brother's Keeper and the LifeLines report system.

GEDitCOM - Macintosh shareware for editing and viewing genealogy files. Features customizable user interface.
Meta Description: [ Home page for the Macintosh, genealogy application called GEDitCOM written by John A. Nairn. GEDitCOM is a customizable application for editing and viewing GEDCOM genealogy files. ]

GedLink Editor - Create and edit family trees. Free, animated, intuitive and easy-to-use family tree software.

Genbox Family History - A windows application for managing family genealogy research and producing charts and reports. Output to image formats, RTF, HTML, and GEDCOM.
Meta Description: [ Genbox Family History is a powerful and easy-to-use genealogy/family history software program. Try free for 30 days and see. ]

Gene - Shareware genealogy software for Macintosh to store family data, print family trees and pedigree charts, and create web pages from database.

Genealogia - Italian software for genealogy.
Meta Description: [ Genealogia: il primo programma italiano per ricerche genealogiche e storiche. ]

Genealogy Browser - Genealogy themed web browser that automatically finds genealogy links, resources, directories, searchable databases and other genealogy related websites.
Meta Description: [ Download genealogy browser and find thousands of free downloadable genealogy software and websites ]

Genealogy Enhancement Tools - Tools developed for creating digital genealogy photo albums with the ability to add voice sound to each photo.
Meta Description: [ camera accessory review sharing photo retail printing share photography gallery ]

Genealogy Software News - Genealogy software news and information.

Genealogy Template File - Based on Azz Cardfile software, with ability to add images, print and export data.
Meta Description: [ Download a collection: Family Genealogy Research File Sample. Created with AZZ Cardfile, simple software for home and office. ]

GenealogyJ - Viewer and editor for genealogic data written in Java.
Meta Description: [ Genealogy and Family tree on Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and Solaris. GenealogyJ is an aplication to view and edit genealogic data (gedcom), suitable for hobbyist, family historian and genealogy researcher. GenJ is unique not only as it supports the Gedcom standard, but is actually editing t... ]

GeneaPro Project - Coordination for GeneaPro software development. GeneaPro is open source, cross platform, genealogy software based on the GenTech data model.

Genesis - Microsoft Access based genealogy program to record details about family members, and link them together in relationships.
Meta Description: [ Inform Edit - Put structure into your stories! ]

GeneWeb - Freeware with a Web interface which can be used off-line or as a Web service.

GenoPro - Software for editing and printing large genealogy trees and genograms. Ability to distribute output on the Internet with photos.
Meta Description: [ GenoPro is easy to use genealogy software to create family trees and genograms. ]

GenSmarts - Genealogy Search/Research Software - Generates and tracks research to-do lists, links to online records, prints worksheets, and helps plan research trips.
Meta Description: [ OFFICIAL HOMEPAGE. #1 Rated Genealogy Software Add-On. Full edition works in concert with all popular genealogy software. Automatically builds finds missing data, builds to do list, and does look ups for you. ]

Gramps - Open source genealogy program for Linux written in Python. Graphical user interface.

JandL Software's Genealogy Reference - The JandL Software's Genealogy Reference is an easy to use way to organize your genealogy research data.
Meta Description: [ Genealogy reference and research software tool. ]

jLifeLines - Java-based version of LifeLines, an open source genealogy program that runs on UNIX, Linux and Windows. Includes new user interface.
Meta Description: [ The world's largest development and download repository of Open Source code and applications ]

Kachelmann Genogram-painting Shareware - Kachelmann creates diagrams in a fix matrix of cells. Icons or text may be placed into the cells. Output may be saved as jpg or html. A Java jre 1.4 is needed.
Meta Description: [ Kachelmann (engl.: Tileman) creates and modifies Diagramms in a Java-Swing-GUI. ]

Leaf's of the Family Tree - Database software which shows family tree relationships by century, focusing upon any one family member.
Meta Description: [ Genealogy software for building family trees, begining from the current century to AD, with advanced database connectivity for most popular databases and servers. Completely compatable with Microsoft Office charts and graphs. graphs ]

Legacy Family Tree - Popular full-featured family history software available for free by download.
Meta Description: [ Learn about Legacy; The most comprehensive and easy-to-use genealogy/family history software you can buy. Take the Guided Tour. Try the free demo. ]

LifeLines - Open source genealogy program that runs on UNIX, Linux and Windows.

Memory Matters - PC application designed to record, organise and present family memories.
Meta Description: [ Computer software designed for families to record touching moments and milestones for years to come. ]

My Family Tree - Windows-based genealogy software to create family trees.
Meta Description: [ HuhnWare develops multimedia genealogy software applications for individual's to create their family tree. ]

My Roots - Genealogy software for Palm OS handheld computers. Features include importing from or exporting to a GED file, sorting, filtering, Soundex support, ancestor trees, and descendant trees.
Meta Description: [ My Roots Genealogy Software for Palm OSĀ® Handheld Computers ]

Pfat Daddy's Web Site - Home of Origin's software for recording your family tree.
Meta Description: [ Motorcycle Rental Network from Pfatdaddy - Harley Davidson, BMW, Honda, Big Dog, Victory, Custom Choppers and many other brands ]

phpmyfamily - Genealogical website builder - An interactive, dynamic genealogical website builder utilizing php/mySQL. Opensource software. Allows users to import GEDCOM files, upload and share images and document transcripts.

Reunion - Full-featured Macintosh-based genealogy software.

Roots - Written by Alex Waugh, this shareware program allows you to keep track of family trees in a graphical format. (RISC Operating System only).
Meta Description: [ RISC OS software to download. ]

RootsMagic - Full-featured Windows genealogy program by FormalSoft. Includes family history reports, multimedia support, research tools, and is capable of generating web sites from data.
Meta Description: [ RootsMagic Family Tree Software - Smart Computing Magazine calls RootsMagic 'the best genealogy program we've seen'. Free trial version. ]

RootsMagic UK - Create a wallchart, publication or website. Includes genealogy resources, PAF import, GEDCOM 5.5 import and export, and LDS support.
Meta Description: [ RootsMagic Genuine UK Edition genealogy / family history software v3 from £13.95 - Free trial ]

RWAP Software - Provides QL Genealogist for the Sinclair QL range of computers, and Genealogy for Windows.
Meta Description: [ RWAP Software provide powerful genealogy programs for both Windows based machines and the Sinclair QL and compatibles. ]

Software Figures - Web-based genealogy software programming.

Spansoft - Kith and Kin Genealogy Software - SQL-based program for software package for storing, interrogating and documenting family trees.
Meta Description: [ Support, news, information and downloads for 'Kith and Kin Pro', 'Of that Ilk Pro', 'TreeDraw', 'Shop 'Til You Drop' and 'Slide Librarian' software. ]

Suffolk System of Recording Family History - Use a word-processor to record and display up to 15 generations on one page of A4 paper. Much easier to track a line of descent than the traditional method.

Taurus FamilyTree - Java application for storing, browsing and plotting genealogical information. Reads FTML, Gedcom and CSV file formats. Plots both ancestor and decendant trees, as well as timelines.

The Genealogy Timeline - Genealogical and Historical Timeline software. Merges historical information with family data.

The Master Genealogist - Family history project manager for DOS and Windows from Wholly Genes Software.
Meta Description: [ Power Tools for the Family Historian. ]

The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding - Eliminates the need for multiple HTML pages by managing and displaying genealogy data on the Internet using PHP and MySQL. Includes range of reporting features plus GEDCOM import and export.
Meta Description: [ The Next Generation allows you to put your genealogy on the Internet quickly and easily in dynamic fashion. Built with PHP and MySQL, it can run standalone or as a PHP-Nuke or PostNuke module. It includes simple & advanced searching, pedigree charts, descendancy charts, a report generator, GEDCOM... ]

The Springhill Heritage Group - A CD-ROM and book featuring Joseph Moss's diary of vital statistics for the Springhill, Nova Scotia area from 1918 to 1976.
Meta Description: [ Moss Diary CD-ROM is a collection of genealogical data and vital statistics from the Springhill Cumberland County Nova Scotia Canada area, including birth and death dates, marriage information, and other records. ]

Treefic - Terrific Trees - Treefic is an online collaborative family tree building system. It automatically generates high-quality printable family tree diagrams and can read GEDCOM.

Ultimate Family Tree - Support for discontinued Ultimate Family Tree software.
Meta Description: [ Free family tree resources including family tree charts, templates, searches and more. ]

Vitatela - Web-based software tool for the visual recording and display of genealogical information.
Meta Description: [ Genealogical information recording utility ]

WinFamily - Windows-based program with the capability to generate HTML output.

WonderWare - Generates genograms and ecomaps from text input. Allows travel in time with family and community.
Meta Description: [ genogram software and ecomap software that automatically generate genograms, intergenerational family process diagrams, and ecomaps, family community process diagrams, from menu selections and text input and travel in time with family and community ]

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priced the software at 29400yen, Prezvision will be released in the US in the spring of 2008. ... diginfo prezvision ...
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