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The Taíno are pre-Colombian indigenous Amerindian inhabitants of the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles islands, which include Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, and Jamaica. It was believed that the seafaring Taíno were relatives of the Arawakan peoples of South America. Recent discoveries show a more probable descendance of the Tainos from the andean tribes, specially the Collas. Their language is a member of the Maipurean linguistic family, which ranges from South America across the Caribbean, and is thought to have been part of the larger, hypothetical group of Arawakan languages that would have spread over an even wider area. The Taíno of the Bahamas were known as the Lucayan (the Bahamas being known then as the Lucays).

Some scholars distinguish between the Neo-Taíno nations of Cuba, the Lucaya of the Bahamas, Jamaica, and to a lesser extent of Haiti and Quisqueya (approximately the Dominican Republic) and the true high Taíno of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). They consider this distiction important because the Neo-Taíno had far more diverse cultural input and a greater societal and ethnic heterogeneity than the original Taíno.

At the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492, there were five Taíno "kingdoms" or territories on Hispaniola, each led by a principal Cacique (chieftain), to whom tribute was paid. At the time of the Spanish conquest, the largest Taíno population centers may have contained around 3,000 people or more. The Taíno were historical neighbors and enemies of the Carib, another group with origins in South America who lived principally in the Lesser Antilles. The relationship between the two groups has been the subject of much study.

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